{"id":109,"date":"2021-01-25T09:32:54","date_gmt":"2021-01-25T09:32:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/?p=109"},"modified":"2022-12-15T02:28:39","modified_gmt":"2022-12-15T02:28:39","slug":"what-is-25g-wdm-technology-of-5g-fronthaul","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-wdm-of-5g-fronthaul.htm","title":{"rendered":"What is 25G WDM Technology of 5G Fronthaul"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">As 5G technology is accelerating its<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">large-scale <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">commercial deployment<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">, the number of 5G communication base stations built up by operators is expected to increase exponentially in the next few years. 5G fronthaul is the essential part of 5G network transmission. The fronthaul technology solution based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) has become the focus of the industry. This article will present and evaluate 5G fronthaul demand for <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">25G WDM<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0technology, typical types of 5G fronthaul WDM technical solutions, 25G LAN-WDM technical solutions, and its standardization.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-wdm-of-5g-fronthaul.htm\/#1_What_is_Fronthaul_in_5G\" >1.\u00a0What is Fronthaul in 5G?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-wdm-of-5g-fronthaul.htm\/#2_What_is_WDM\" >2.\u00a0What is WDM?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-wdm-of-5g-fronthaul.htm\/#3_Different_Technology_Solutions_to_5G_Fronthaul\" >3.\u00a0Different Technology\u00a0Solutions to 5G Fronthaul<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-wdm-of-5g-fronthaul.htm\/#%E2%97%8F_Direct_Optical_Fiber_Connectivity\" >\u25cf\u00a0Direct\u00a0Optical Fiber\u00a0Connectivity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-wdm-of-5g-fronthaul.htm\/#%E2%97%8F_25G_WDM_technology-An_Urge_for_5G_Fronthaul\" >\u25cf\u00a025G WDM technology-An Urge for 5G Fronthaul<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-wdm-of-5g-fronthaul.htm\/#%E2%97%8F_Active_WDM_Connectivity\" >\u25cf\u00a0Active WDM Connectivity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-wdm-of-5g-fronthaul.htm\/#%E2%97%8F_Semi-Active_WDM_Connectivity\" >\u25cf\u00a0Semi-Active WDM\u00a0Connectivity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-wdm-of-5g-fronthaul.htm\/#%E2%97%8F_Passive_WDM_Connectivity\" >\u25cf\u00a0Passive WDM Connectivity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-wdm-of-5g-fronthaul.htm\/#%E2%97%8F_Segments_of_25G_DWDM_Technology\" >\u25cf\u00a0Segments of 25G DWDM Technology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-wdm-of-5g-fronthaul.htm\/#%E2%97%8F_G6984PAB-WDM-An_Example_of_DWDM\" >\u25cf\u00a0G.698.4\/PAB-WDM-An Example of DWDM<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-wdm-of-5g-fronthaul.htm\/#%E2%97%8F_Technical_Analysis_of_25G_CWDM\" >\u25cf\u00a0Technical Analysis of 25G CWDM<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-wdm-of-5g-fronthaul.htm\/#%E2%97%8F_Standardization_of_25G_CWDM\" >\u25cf\u00a0Standardization\u00a0of 25G CWDM<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-wdm-of-5g-fronthaul.htm\/#7_Technology_Solution_based_on_25G_LAN-WDM\" >7. Technology\u00a0Solution based on 25G LAN-WDM<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-wdm-of-5g-fronthaul.htm\/#%E2%97%8F_25G_LAN-WDM_Technology\" >\u25cf\u00a025G LAN-WDM\u00a0Technology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-wdm-of-5g-fronthaul.htm\/#%E2%97%8F_Standardization_of_25G_LAN-WDM\" >\u25cf\u00a0Standardization\u00a0of 25G LAN-WDM<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-wdm-of-5g-fronthaul.htm\/#Related_Posts\" >Related Posts<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 0pt 0pt 12pt; text-indent: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 19.5pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_What_is_Fronthaul_in_5G\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">1.\u00a0<\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">W<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">hat is <\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">F<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">ronthaul in 5<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">G<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">?<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"margin: 0pt 0pt 12pt; text-indent: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">5G network consists of the access network(AN), bearer network, and Core Network(CN). The access network is generally a radio access network (RAN), which is mainly composed of communication base stations. Unlike 4G technology, 5G is not made up of <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">BBU<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">(<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Base Band Unit<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">)<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u3001<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">RRU<\/span><\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">(<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Remote Radio Unit<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\uff09, <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">or antenna; instead, it is reconfigured as the following three functional entities: CU (Centralized Unit, Distribute Unit), DU (Distribute Unit, Distribute Unit), and AAU(Active Antenna Unit, Distributed Unit). The original 4G RRU and antenna are combined into AAU, and the BBU is separated into CU and DU. The DU is embedded in the AAU, and one CU can be connected to multiple DUs.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"margin: 0pt 0pt 12pt; text-indent: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Only two parts exist in the 4G network connecting: front haul and backhaul. While in 5G networks, it has evolved into three parts. The AAU connecting DU is called 5G fronthaul, the middle haul refers to the DU connection with CU, and the backhaul is the communication bearer between the CU and the core network.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: 0.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; margin: 0.0000pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_What_is_WDM\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">2.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">What is WDM?<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">The concept of WDM(meaning Wavelength Division Multiplexing) is to use multiple light sources operating at different wavelengths to transmit a few independent information streams simultaneously over the same optical fiber.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">In the early days, the wavelength interval would be controlled within dozens of nm due to technical limits. This kind of dispersed wavelength division multiplexing is called sparse wavelength division multiplexing, which is CWDM (Coarse WDM). As the technology advanced, the wavelength interval became shorter. When it reached the level of a few nm, it evolves into a compact WDM called \u00a0Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing, or DWDM (Dense WDM). \u00a0LAN WDM (or LWDM<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">is a kind of WDM between CWDM and DWDM. Its channel space is about 6.4nm(800G), while CWDM channel space is 20nm and DWDM channel space is 0.8nm(100G).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Different_Technology_Solutions_to_5G_Fronthaul\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">3<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 16px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Different T<\/span><\/b><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 16px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">echnology<\/span><\/b><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 16px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0Solutions to <\/span><\/b><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 16px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">5G Fronthaul<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: -21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; margin: 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 21.0000pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%97%8F_Direct_Optical_Fiber_Connectivity\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 10.5pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u25cf<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">D<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">irect<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">O<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">ptical <\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">F<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">iber<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">C<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">onnect<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">ivity<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">As one of the main connectivity solutions for 5G fronthaul, <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">direct<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0o<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">ptical fiber<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0connecting<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">has two networking methods: one is over unidirectional single fiber; the other is over bi-directional single fiber (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/sale-446126-qsfp28-100gsrbd-100g-qsfp28-bidi-850nm-900nm-100m-lc-mmf-ddm-optical-transceiver.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">BIDI<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\">). However, optical fiber resources can h<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">ardly meet the demand for direct fiber network connection in urban areas <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">where 5G coverage is deployed in priority. Thus, in order to function normally under the CRAN mode,<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">the AAU has to combine with other technology solutions, one of which is multiplexing multiple wavelengths on the same single fiber to greatly reduce the utilization of fiber resources in the fronthaul. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: -21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; margin: 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 21.0000pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%97%8F_25G_WDM_technology-An_Urge_for_5G_Fronthaul\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 10.5pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u25cf<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">25G WDM technology<\/span><\/b><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">-An Urge for <\/span><\/b><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">5G <\/span><\/b><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">F<\/span><\/b><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">ronthaul<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">From the technical point of view, 5G features high transmission speed(from 25Gbit\/s to 100Gbit\/s even 200G), low latency with 1 millisecond, and high clock-synchronization accuracy. <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Since a<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0large number of AAUs in the 5G fronthaul are required<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">, the cost <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">of accessing the bearer network <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">will<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0increase significantly.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">T<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">he 5G fronthaul networ<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">k will widely adopt the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">eCPRI<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0interface, which requires a data speed of 25G in the configuration of 100MHz spectrum, 64T\/64R antenna, and 16 downstream\/upstream 8 streams. Multiple 25G<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 16px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">Ecpri<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">\u00a0interfaces need to be deployed in 5G fronthaul when the wireless spectrum is broader.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There are many solutions for 25G WDM technology that can be applied to 5G fronthaul, including DWDM, CWDM, and LAN WDM, as shown in Figure 1. The rest of this article will present and <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">analyze<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0these solutions respectively.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 460px;\" title=\"Technology solution to 5G fronthaul-WDM &amp;Fiber Direct Connection\" src=\"\/\/www.fibermall.com\/editor\/img\/1611553795_39100.jpg\" alt=\"Technology solution to 5G fronthaul-WDM &amp;Fiber Direct Connection\" \/><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"center\"><i><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u25ee\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>Figure1 Technology Solutions to 5G Fronthaul<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"center\"><i><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Arial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"font-family: Helvetica; text-indent: 0pt;\"><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 16px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">4. <span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Mobile Fronthaul Network <\/span><\/span><\/b><b style=\"font-family: Helvetica; text-indent: 0pt;\"><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">S<\/span><\/b><b style=\"font-family: Helvetica; text-indent: 0pt;\"><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">tructure<\/span><\/b><b style=\"font-family: Helvetica; text-indent: 0pt;\"><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b style=\"font-family: Helvetica; text-indent: 0pt;\"><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Based on <\/span><\/b><b style=\"font-family: Helvetica; text-indent: 0pt;\"><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">25G <\/span><\/b><b style=\"font-family: Helvetica; text-indent: 0pt;\"><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">WDM<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">According to the differences in equipment, mobile fronthaul optical network connectivity structure based on WDM technology can be divided into three types: active WDM connectivity, semi-active WDM connectivity, and passive WDM connectivity. Figure 2 shows the three types of structure. \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: -21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; margin: 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 21.0000pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%97%8F_Active_WDM_Connectivity\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 10.5pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u25cf<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">A<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">ctive WDM <\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">C<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">onnectivity<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">For the type of fully active\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-family: Helvetica; text-indent: -28px;\">WDM network<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">, its central office also called ATU-C<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">(ADSLTransceiverUnit-Centroloffice) and remote data station are both active <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">equipment with clear professional interfaces and integrated <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">multi-traffic<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">bearer access. But the power supply and <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">installation of remote <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">equipment<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">\u00a0have to be considered.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: -21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; margin: 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 21.0000pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%97%8F_Semi-Active_WDM_Connectivity\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 10.5pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u25cf<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">S<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">emi-<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">A<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">ctive WDM<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0C<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">onnectivity<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">For the semi-active WDM network structure, its central office is active equipment while the remote data station is simplified as WDM optical transceiver and passive multiplexer &amp; demultiplexer. This type needs to be confirmed so that the WDM optical module can be installed on the data transport equipment. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: -21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; margin: 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 21.0000pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%97%8F_Passive_WDM_Connectivity\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 10.5pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u25cf<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">P<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">assive WDM <\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">C<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">onnectivity<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Central office and remote data station for the third type are both with passive <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">equipment, also being simplified as WDM optical transceiver and passive multiplexer &amp; demultiplexer, which need to been confirmed their installations on <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">data transport equipment. Therefore, from the perspective of network construction, operation, and maintenance, the first 2 types of mobile fronthaul Network structure are preferred over the third one in reality.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 50%;\" title=\"Mobile Fronthaul Network Architecture based on 25G WDM-Active, Semi Active and Passive WDM Connectivity\" src=\"\/\/www.fibermall.com\/editor\/img\/1611553975_31838.jpg\" alt=\"Mobile Fronthaul Network Architecture based on 25G WDM-Active, Semi Active and Passive WDM Connectivity\" \/><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><i><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u25ee\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>Figure 2 \u00a0Mobile Fronthaul Network Structure Based on WDM<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">5. 5G Fronthaul solution based on<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a025G<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0DWDM<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-dwdm-sfp28-20km.htm\" target=\"_blank\">25G DWDM<\/a><\/span> technology <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">can be applied in<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0fixed wavelength and tunable wavelength according to the working wavelength of the laser, as shown in Figure 3.<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: -21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; margin: 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 21.0000pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%97%8F_Segments_of_25G_DWDM_Technology\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 10.5pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u25cf<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Segments of 25G DWDM Technology<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">DWDM technology<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0used in <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">tunable wavelength<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0has been widely utilized in the optical network of <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">10G<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">, <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">40G<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">, and\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">100G<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">. But it is still struggling to meet the demand on massive and cost-sensitive application <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">situations<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0of the metro access layer. There are many technical solutions for realizing tunable lasers, including DFB array, DBR, DS DBR, MG-Y, SG DBR, VCSEL, ECL, silicon optical micro-ring cavity, and V-shaped coupling cavity, etc., all <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">controlled<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0by temperature, current, and <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">mechanics<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Cost-effective optical modules using <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">DWDM technology<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0with <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">tunable wavelength<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"> include those with fully tunable broadband C-band and partly tunable narrowband C-band. Nevertheless, the latter enjoys a more obvious cost advantage over the former and some companies specializing in the optical transceiver and optical component have launched their related products series, which is available on the current market.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 565px;\" title=\"Segments of 25G DWDM wavelengths multiplexing technology\" src=\"\/\/www.fibermall.com\/editor\/img\/1611554193_84656.jpg\" alt=\"Segments of 25G DWDM wavelengths multiplexing technology\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><i><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u25ee\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>Figure 3 Segments of 25G DWDM Technology<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><i><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Arial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: -21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; margin: 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 21.0000pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%97%8F_G6984PAB-WDM-An_Example_of_DWDM\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 10.5pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u25cf<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">G.698.4<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\/<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">PAB-WDM<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">-An Example of <\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">DWDM<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">A good example of such optical modules based on <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">DWDM<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0technology with <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">tunable wavelength<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0is <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">G.698.4<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\uff08<\/span><\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">originally <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">G.metro<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">solution, also called <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">PAB-WDM<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\uff0c<\/span><\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">P<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">ort-<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">A<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">gnostic <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">B<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">idirectional WDM<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0technology option. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Its biggest advantage lies in port-independent characteristics, the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">ability of the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">module<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u2019s <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">end-end wavelength self-adaptation (without configuration),<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0and adaptive data <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">rate<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">, making it easy to control and maintain. \u00a0By adopting the <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background: #fcfcfe;\">optical\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background: #fcfcfe;\">top <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background: #fcfcfe;\">layer<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0modulation technology<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0in WDM<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0networks, \u00a0this G.698.4 h has achieved the message control of head-end equipment (HEE) and the <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background: #fcfcfe;\">tail-end equipment (TEE)<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 14px; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0\u00a0as well as the signal channel (HTMC\/THMC). It is used to adapt and control the wavelength rate of the remote tunable optical module to realize a simple and effective OAM mechanism at the system level. Please refer to figure 4 as follows.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 50%;\" src=\"\/\/www.fibermall.com\/editor\/img\/1611554493_21873.jpg\" \/><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt; background: #fcfcfe;\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><i><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u25ee\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>Figure 4 <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/i><b><i><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">G.698.4<\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\/PAB-WDM Fronthaul Solution<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><i><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt; background: #fcfcfe;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><span class=\"15\" style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">In the ITU-T SG15 conference held in Geneva in July 2019, operators <\/span><span class=\"15\" style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">including<\/span><span class=\"15\" style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0China Unicom, China Telecom, Deutsche Telekom, Telecom Italia, and KDDI<\/span><span class=\"15\" style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0brought up their urgent demand on 5G fronthaul based on <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/sale-437054-sfp28-dw25g20-10c-25g-dwdm-sfp28-c20-100ghz-1561-42nm-10km-lc-smf-ddm-transceiver-module.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">25G DWD<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/sale-437054-sfp28-dw25g20-10c-25g-dwdm-sfp28-c20-100ghz-1561-42nm-10km-lc-smf-ddm-transceiver-module.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">M<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> technology. Meanwhile, companies such as <\/span><\/span><span class=\"15\" style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">China Unicom<\/span><span class=\"15\" style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0and Ericsson submitted a related detailed test report and ITU-T SG15 initiated the development project of the G.698.4 standard v2.0 version (25G data rate).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 16px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">6.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Technology Solution Based on <\/span><\/b><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">25G CWDM<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\" align=\"justify\"><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: -21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; margin: 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 21.0000pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%97%8F_Technical_Analysis_of_25G_CWDM\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 10.5pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u25cf<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Technical Analysis of <\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">25G CWDM<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">With the large-scale deployment of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/sale-420419-qsfp28-100g-ir4-100g-qsfp28-ir4-1310nm-2km-lc-smf-ddm-transceiver-module.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">100G CWDM4<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> optical modules in data centers, there are <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">various<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0applications of lasers that meet the <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">standard<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0of data center environments and commercial-grade CWDM4<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">. Fiber optic transceivers at the wavelength of <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">1271nm, 1291nm, 1311nm, and 1331nm<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0have come to their <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">mature<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0developing stage<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0If <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">CWDM laser <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">operates <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">without TEC temperature control, <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">there tends to be a large<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0temperature drift (typical value 0.1nm\/\u00b0C), <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">making it difficult to<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0meet the standard requirements<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0of <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">13nm (\u00b16.5nm) wavelength accuracy<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">. The industry is working out a solution to ensure the stability of the center wavelength considering DML-based auxiliary heaters or TEC temperature control. Yet, using a heater or TEC will increase the cost of the CWDM solution.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">For longer wavelengths (1351nm, 1371nm, etc.), DML lasers have the problem of dispersion<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0limit<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">, and the cost of dispersion is relatively high, resulting in an insufficient power budget for 10km fiber transmission. <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Some think about solving this problem by using <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">EML or APD<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">. Likewise, CWDM wavelength over 1371nm has no alternative but EML due to the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">dispersion<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0limit. The CWDM solution that adopts the EML\/APD and that increases the wavelength stability by TEC-assisted control are actually not cost-effective as people expect. In terms of network maintenance, using CWDM optical modules for 5G fronthaul cannot achieve effective management of remote optical modules. In addition, there may be a series of problems such as difficulties in wavelength identification, complicated management, and inconvenient equipment maintenance.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: -21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; margin: 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 21.0000pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%97%8F_Standardization_of_25G_CWDM\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 10.5pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u25cf<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Standardization<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0of <\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">25G <\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">CWDM<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">According to <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">ITU-T G.694.2 standard<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">the CWDM wavelength<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0is <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">from 1271nm to 1611nm, with a wavelength interval of 20nm, and a total of 18 wavelengths. However, the 25G CWDM application code specified by the ITU-T G.695 standard has a maximum number of channels of 4, using 4 wavelengths of 1271nm, 1291nm, 1311nm, and 1331nm<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">; <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">the center wavelength deviation range is \u00b16.5nm, <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">with a<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">2km<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0working distance.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Figure 5 shows the current 5G fronthaul solution based on<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/sale-436936-sfp28-cw25g31-10c-25g-cwdm-sfp28-1310nm-10km-lc-smf-ddm-transceiver-module.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">25G CWDM<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> technology. It is noted that problems such as insufficient power budget caused by industrial operating temperature and dispersion penalty for outdoor applications have not been solved yet. Thus, risks have to be taken if it is deployed widely.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 50%;\" title=\"25G CWDM wavelength standards of 1271nm, 1291nm, 1311nm, 1331nm, 1351nm &amp;1371nm\" src=\"\/\/www.fibermall.com\/editor\/img\/1611554577_94430.jpg\" alt=\"25G CWDM wavelength standards of 1271nm, 1291nm, 1311nm, 1331nm, 1351nm &amp;1371nm\" \/><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"center\"><i><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 14px;\">\u25ee\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>Figure 5\u00a0 5G Fronthaul Based on 25G CWDM<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><i><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><i><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Technology_Solution_based_on_25G_LAN-WDM\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 16px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">7. Technology<\/span><\/b><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 16px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 16px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Solution based on <\/span><\/b><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 16px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">25G LAN-WDM<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: -21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; margin: 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 21.0000pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%97%8F_25G_LAN-WDM_Technology\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 10.5pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u25cf<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">25G LAN-WDM<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0Technology<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"margin-top: 0.0000pt; margin-right: 0.0000pt; margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-para-margin-right: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">LAN-WDM wavelength laser works in the O band<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">with <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">small<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0dispersion<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">. <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">It <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">can meet the requirements of industrial applications<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0by adopting TEC temperature control. With the large-scale deployment of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/sale-419868-qsfp28-100g-lr4-100g-qsfp28-lr4-1310nm-10km-lc-smf-ddm-transceiver-module.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">100G LR4<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> optical modules in data centers and carrier networks, commercial-grade LAN-WDM4 lasers have a wider range of applications, mainly in the four wavelengths of 1295nm, 1300nm, 1304nm, and 1309nm. The corresponding DML industry chain is relatively more mature than other wavelengths DML. At present, diverse wavelength schemes for LAN-WDM fronthaul applications have sprung up. In addition to the 4-wave and 8-wave standards specified by ITU and IEEE, there are also different wavelength plans in the industry. The commonly used 6-wavelength scheme is the 4 wavelengths of LR4, plus two wavelengths of 1286nm and 1291nm.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Some <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">also suggest <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">that <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">the channel spacing <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">be <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">reduce<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">d<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0from 800GHz to 400GHz <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">in order <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">to obtain more usable wavelengths, but there <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">has been<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0no standardization<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0for this so far<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">. When the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/sale-437212-sfp28-lw25g07-40c-25g-lwdm-sfp28-c07-1295-56nm-40km-lc-smf-ddm-transceiver-module.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">25G LAN-WDM<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> optical module is used for 5G fronthaul, the management message channel can be formed through the optical layer top adjustment mode specified by the G.698.4 standard to realize the management of the remote optical module<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">. However, the LAN-WDM solution using a fixed wavelength laser has difficulties in wavelength identification, complicated management, and inconvenient maintenance even if the remote management of the top adjustment mode is adopted.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; text-indent: -21.0000pt; mso-char-indent-count: 0.0000; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; margin: 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 0.0000pt 21.0000pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%97%8F_Standardization_of_25G_LAN-WDM\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 10.5pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u25cf<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Standardization<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0of <\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">25G LAN-WDM<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">LAN-WDM interfaces including 100G LR4, 200G LR4, and 400GLR8<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">\u00a0are also stipulated in\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">IEEE 802.3 standardiz<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">ation. In the following chart, you can check out the standardized\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">LAN-WDM<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">\u00a0wavelength at present.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div align=\"center\"><\/div>\n<div align=\"center\"><\/div>\n<div align=\"center\"><\/div>\n<div align=\"center\">\n<table class=\"MsoTableGrid\" style=\"width: 570.1pt; border: none;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 20.3500pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 48.75pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1pt solid windowtext;\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"center\" width=\"65\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">Channel<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"center\" width=\"128\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">Center Frequency(THz)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.25pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"center\" width=\"123\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">Center Wavelength(nm)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 118.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"center\" width=\"157\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">Wavelength<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">Range<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 144pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"center\" width=\"192\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">IEEE 802.3<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.9pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"center\" width=\"94\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">ITU-T G.959.1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 40.1500pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 46.5000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"center\" width=\"62\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">400G LR8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.2500pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"center\" width=\"67\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">200G LR4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.2500pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"center\" width=\"63\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">100G LR4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.5000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"center\" width=\"46\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">100G<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.4000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"center\" width=\"48\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">400G<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 48.75pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"65\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">L0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"128\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">235.4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.25pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"123\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">1273.54<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 118.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"157\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">1272.55-1274.54<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 46.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.25pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"67\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.25pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"63\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.4pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 48.7500pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"65\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">L1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96.1000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"128\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">234.6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.2500pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"123\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">1277.89<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 118.1000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"157\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">1276.89-1278.89<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 46.5000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.2500pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"67\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.2500pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"63\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.5000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.4000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 48.75pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"65\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">L2<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"128\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">233.8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.25pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"123\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">1282.26<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 118.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"157\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">1281.25-1283.27<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 46.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.25pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"67\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.25pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"63\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.4pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 48.7500pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"65\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">L3<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96.1000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"128\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">233<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.2500pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"123\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">1286.66<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 118.1000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"157\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">1285.65-1287.68<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 46.5000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.2500pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"67\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.2500pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"63\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.5000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.4000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 48.75pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"65\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">L4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"128\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">231.4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.25pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"123\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">1295.56<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 118.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"157\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">1294.53-1296.59<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 46.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.25pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"67\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.25pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"63\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.4pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 48.7500pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"65\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">L5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96.1000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"128\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">230.6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.2500pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"123\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">1300.05<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 118.1000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"157\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">1299.02-1301.09<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 46.5000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.2500pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"67\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.2500pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"63\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.5000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.4000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 48.75pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"65\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">L6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"128\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">229.8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.25pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"123\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">1304.58<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 118.1pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"157\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">1303.54-1305.63<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 46.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.25pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"67\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.25pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"63\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.5pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.4pt; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 48.7500pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"65\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">L7<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96.1000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"128\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">229<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.2500pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"123\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">1309.14<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 118.1000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"157\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">1308.09-1310.19<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 46.5000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"62\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.2500pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"67\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.2500pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"63\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.5000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.4000pt; padding: 0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: 0.5000pt solid windowtext; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;\">\u221a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><i style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\">\u25ee<b> LAN-WDM Wavelength Standard<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">The ITU-T G.959.1 standard\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">stipulates<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">\u00a0the 4-channel 25G LAN-WDM technology<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">\u00a0to apply<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">\u00a0wavelengths of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">1295nm, 1300nm, 1304nm, and 1309nm respectively, and the channel spacing is 800GHz<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">. At the same time, the 8-channel 50G LAN-WDM technology is also specified. The center wavelength of the first 4 waves is the same as that of 25G LAN-WDM.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">Conclusion<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Technology solutions for the 5G network fronthaul are starting the real race to offer the full functionality of 5G at a massive scale. Based on the analysis above, it is suggested that optic single-fiber bidirectional solutions be preferred in areas where optical fiber resources are insufficient.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Furthermore, the large scale of the 5G fronthaul network and the high cost in construction, as well as the maintenance of massive access layer equipment\/optical modules, would challenge 5G operators and service providers to some extent. If the remaining fiber resources are in shortage, especially in dense urban areas with large-scale intensive BBU, WDM technology will be the first option to relieve the lack of fiber in the access layer of the metropolitan city thus reducing network construction costs.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<style>\r\n\r\n        .lwrp.link-whisper-related-posts{\r\n            \r\n            margin-top: 40px;\nmargin-bottom: 30px;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-title{\r\n            \r\n            \r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-description{\r\n            \r\n            \r\n\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-container{\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-multi-container{\r\n            display: flex;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-double{\r\n            width: 48%;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-triple{\r\n            width: 32%;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-row-container{\r\n            display: flex;\r\n            justify-content: space-between;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-row-container .lwrp-list-item{\r\n            width: calc(100% - 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The fronthaul technology solution based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) has become the focus of the industry. This article will present and evaluate 5G fronthaul demand on 25G WDM technology.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":313,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":"","_wpscppro_dont_share_socialmedia":false,"_wpscppro_custom_social_share_image":0,"_facebook_share_type":"","_twitter_share_type":"","_linkedin_share_type":"","_pinterest_share_type":"","_linkedin_share_type_page":"","_instagram_share_type":"","_medium_share_type":"","_threads_share_type":"","_google_business_share_type":"","_selected_social_profile":[],"_wpsp_enable_custom_social_template":false,"_wpsp_social_scheduling":{"enabled":false,"datetime":null,"platforms":[],"status":"template_only","dateOption":"today","timeOption":"now","customDays":"","customHours":"","customDate":"","customTime":"","schedulingType":"absolute"},"_wpsp_active_default_template":true},"categories":[1],"tags":[90,88,89,92,87,91,86],"class_list":["post-109","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-optical-transport-network","tag-25g","tag-5g","tag-5g-fronthaul","tag-dwdm","tag-fronthaul","tag-lan-wdm","tag-wdm"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.13 (Yoast SEO v25.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What is 25G WDM Technology of 5G Fronthaul |FiberMall<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"25G WDM is one of the main technology solutions for 5G fronthaul. 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