{"id":112,"date":"2021-01-21T09:36:20","date_gmt":"2021-01-21T09:36:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/?p=112"},"modified":"2023-02-09T07:03:44","modified_gmt":"2023-02-09T07:03:44","slug":"how-to-estimate-the-transmission-distance-of-optical-fiber-modules","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/transmission-distance-of-optical-fiber-modules.htm","title":{"rendered":"How to Estimate the Transmission Distance of Optical Fiber Modules"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\">Optical modules are distinct from one another in their transmission distance, a feature that should be taken into account in addition to other specifications like data rate when selecting fiber optic transceivers. In the era of high-speed networks, the continuous progress of optical fiber transmission technology requires further distance in <span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">optical <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">network <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">communication.<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0<\/span>Some users may be\u00a0ambivalent\u00a0about the measurement\u00a0of an optical module\u2019s transmission distance in practice. If you are one of them, find out the methods in this article now!<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/transmission-distance-of-optical-fiber-modules.htm\/#1_Working_Wavelength\" >1.\u00a0Working Wavelength\u00a0\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/transmission-distance-of-optical-fiber-modules.htm\/#3_Compliant_Protocols_Standards\" >3.\u00a0Compliant Protocols\u00a0&amp; Standards<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/transmission-distance-of-optical-fiber-modules.htm\/#5_Required_OSNR\" >5. Required OSNR<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/transmission-distance-of-optical-fiber-modules.htm\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/transmission-distance-of-optical-fiber-modules.htm\/#Related_Posts\" >Related Posts<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Working_Wavelength\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-weight: bold; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">1.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><b style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">Working Wavelength\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Checking out the working wavelength and optical fiber mode of an optical module is one of the common ways to estimate how long an optical transceiver can reach. <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If the optical module works <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">at a wavelength <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">near 850nm (880nm) or 910nm (940nm), then the module is a multi-mode <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">fiber(MMF) <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">optical <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">transceiver<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">, and if the working wavelength is 1310nm or 1550nm, it is a single-mode <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">fiber(SMF)<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">optical module<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">. <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Generally, the maximum transmission distance<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">generally <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">no more than <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">500 m<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0supported by a multi-mode <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">fiber <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">optical module is much <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">shorter<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0than that of a single-mode <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">fiber <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">optical module.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-weight: bold; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">2.\u00a0<\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Fiber Optic Cable Type<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Apart from working wavelength, the type of multimode fiber is another factor that makes a difference in the transmission distance. For instance, the shortest link length for multimode fiber <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">cables <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">such as <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">OM3<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">O<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">M4, and <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">OM5<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0based on 40G is 2m (the same as the 100G)and the longest is <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">240<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">m, <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">350m,<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0and <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">440m<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0respectively. While <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">OM3<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">O<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">M4, and <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">OM5<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> work on <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">100G<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">, their max transmission distances extend to 75m, 100m, and 150m individually due to OM4 and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/store-17123-om5-50-125-multimode.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">OM5 fiber cables<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2019 optimized modal dispersion and their increased bandwidth distance product.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe class=\"note-video-clip\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8nLeNVd_grU\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\">For single-mode fiber optical modules, when the data rate is less than 10G, their supporting transmission maximum distance is not as long as that of those at 1550 wavelength theoretically due to the signal loss. If the data speed is more than 10G, \u00a0the dispersion may be limited, so that the optical transceiver at 1310 wavelength may be able to support a longer transmission distance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><iframe class=\"note-video-clip\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Qnn9-83C_78\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\">However, all the above factors can not make a difference simply because lasers such as EML\u00a0or DML also affect transmission distance. There tends to be laser chirping in DML. Laser chirping can lead to significant dispersion effects for intensity-modulated pulses, which limits the transmission in return. When the speed reaches 25Gbps\/s, the dispersion in C-band transmission of 20km single-mode fiber cable is relatively large.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Compliant_Protocols_Standards\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-weight: bold; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">3.\u00a0<\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Compliant <\/span><\/b><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Protocols<\/span><\/b><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0&amp; Standards<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Apart from checking the operating wavelength of optical modules, the protocol and standard are other methods to measure the signal transmission distance. The figure below shows a series of different <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/store-16654-sfp-transceivers.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">10G <\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/store-16654-sfp-transceivers.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">SFP+<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">fiber optic module<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">s.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"width: 50%;\" title=\"Optical modules of 10G SFP+ SR, 10G SEP+LRM, 10G SFP+LR, 10G SFP+ER, 10G SFP+ ZR\" src=\"\/\/www.fibermall.com\/editor\/img\/1611201409_97625.jpg\" alt=\"Optical modules of 10G SFP+ SR, 10G SEP+LRM, 10G SFP+LR, 10G SFP+ER, 10G SFP+ ZR\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><i style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\"><i style=\"text-indent: 0pt; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u25ee<b>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/i><b><i><span style=\"font-family: 'Microsoft YaHei UI'; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Different Types of <\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-family: Arial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">10G <\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-family: 'Microsoft YaHei UI'; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">SFP+ <\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-family: Arial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Fiber Optic Transceivers<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">What do the letters such as SR and LR stand for? You may understand the relationship between their meanings and their link lengths<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0after getting the answer<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">. <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">SR = short reach, LR= long reach, LRM = long reach multimode, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/sale-420420-qsfp28-100g-er4-100g-qsfp28-er4-1310nm-40km-lc-smf-ddm-transceiver-module.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">ER<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> = extended reach, ZR = the (Z) best reach<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">. In addition to the <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">IEEE<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">, there are other specifications and standards issued by organizations like <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">MSA\u00a0and OI<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">F. Please check out the following<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0fiber optic distance<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0charts for more information.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<div align=\"center\">\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" style=\"width: 588.15pt; border: none;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.3000pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 113.7pt; padding: 3.75pt 7.5pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; border-style: solid; border-color: #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"151\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">PMD Standard<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 210.8pt; padding: 3.75pt 7.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1.5pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"281\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">Typical Transmission Distance<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 263.65pt; padding: 3.75pt 7.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1.5pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"351\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><b><span class=\"15\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">Explanation<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 9.9000pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 113.7000pt; padding: 3.7500pt 7.5000pt 3.7500pt 7.5000pt; border-left: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-left-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-right-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 1.5000pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"151\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">KR<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 210.8000pt; padding: 3.7500pt 7.5000pt 3.7500pt 7.5000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-right-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 1.5000pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"281\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">dozens of meter<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 263.6500pt; padding: 3.7500pt 7.5000pt 3.7500pt 7.5000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-right-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 1.5000pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"351\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">backplane connection<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 9.9000pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 113.7pt; padding: 3.75pt 7.5pt; border-left: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"151\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">CR<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 210.8pt; padding: 3.75pt 7.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"281\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">a few meters<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 263.65pt; padding: 3.75pt 7.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"351\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">bronze bearing<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 9.9000pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 113.7000pt; padding: 3.7500pt 7.5000pt 3.7500pt 7.5000pt; border-left: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-left-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-right-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"151\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">SR<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 210.8000pt; padding: 3.7500pt 7.5000pt 3.7500pt 7.5000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-right-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"281\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\">hundreds of\u00a0meters<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 263.6500pt; padding: 3.7500pt 7.5000pt 3.7500pt 7.5000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-right-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"351\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">mostly <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">multi-mode<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 9.9000pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 113.7pt; padding: 3.75pt 7.5pt; border-left: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"151\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">LRM<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 210.8pt; padding: 3.75pt 7.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"281\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">220m<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 263.65pt; padding: 3.75pt 7.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"351\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">long reach multimode<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.4500pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 113.7000pt; padding: 3.7500pt 7.5000pt 3.7500pt 7.5000pt; border-left: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-left-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-right-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"151\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">DR<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 210.8000pt; padding: 3.7500pt 7.5000pt 3.7500pt 7.5000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-right-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"281\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">500m<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 263.6500pt; padding: 3.7500pt 7.5000pt 3.7500pt 7.5000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-right-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"351\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">Parallel Single Mode\uff08PSM)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 9.9000pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 113.7pt; padding: 3.75pt 7.5pt; border-left: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"151\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">FR<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 210.8pt; padding: 3.75pt 7.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"281\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">2km<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 263.65pt; padding: 3.75pt 7.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"351\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\"><span style=\"color: #424242;\">100G CWDM4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 9.9000pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 113.7000pt; padding: 3.7500pt 7.5000pt 3.7500pt 7.5000pt; border-left: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-left-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-right-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"151\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">LR<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 210.8000pt; padding: 3.7500pt 7.5000pt 3.7500pt 7.5000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-right-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"281\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">10km<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 263.6500pt; padding: 3.7500pt 7.5000pt 3.7500pt 7.5000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-right-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"351\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\">Long reach\u00a0single-mode<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 9.9000pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 113.7pt; padding: 3.75pt 7.5pt; border-left: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"151\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">ER<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 210.8pt; padding: 3.75pt 7.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"281\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">40km<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 263.65pt; padding: 3.75pt 7.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"351\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">Extend<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">ed<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0long <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">reach<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 9.9000pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 113.7000pt; padding: 3.7500pt 7.5000pt 3.7500pt 7.5000pt; border-left: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-left-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-right-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"151\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">ZR<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 210.8000pt; padding: 3.7500pt 7.5000pt 3.7500pt 7.5000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-right-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"281\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">80km<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 263.6500pt; padding: 3.7500pt 7.5000pt 3.7500pt 7.5000pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; border-right: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-right-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.0000pt solid #4f81bd; background: #dbe5f1;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"351\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">more extended long reach<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.7000pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 113.7pt; padding: 3.75pt 7.5pt; border-left: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"151\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">ZR+<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 210.8pt; padding: 3.75pt 7.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"281\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">500km<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 263.65pt; padding: 3.75pt 7.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"351\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; word-break: break-all;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt;\">ZR <\/span>Extension of the (Z) best reach\u00a0VS 400G ZR<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u00a0<i style=\"color: #4f565d; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">\u25ee<\/span><\/i><b><i style=\"color: #4f565d; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Chart of PMDs and their corresponding\u00a0<\/span><\/i><i style=\"color: #4f565d; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">supported transmission\u00a0<\/span><\/i><i style=\"color: #4f565d; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">reach<\/span><\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; text-align: center;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\">You can also find out the related information including transmission distance on the labels adhered to the back of optic fiber transceiver products. Please refer to the specification label on the optical module as shown below.<\/span><\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"width: 50%;\" title=\"FiberMall optical transceiver QSFP28 100G LR4\" src=\"\/\/www.fibermall.com\/editor\/img\/1611201569_94452.jpg\" alt=\"FiberMall optical transceiver QSFP28 100G LR4\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><i style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\"><i style=\"text-indent: 0pt; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u25ee<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-family: Arial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><b>The label on the optical transceiver QSFP28 100G LR4<\/b><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">What matters the most on the optical transceiver label is the information like <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">QSFP28-100G-LR4<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">, i.e. what is the nomenclature for it? Take <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/sale-419868-qsfp28-100g-lr4-100g-qsfp28-lr4-1310nm-10km-lc-smf-ddm-transceiver-module.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">QSFP28-100G-LR4<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> as an example, the part \u201c<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">QSFP28<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201d refers to the form factor of the module, and the most common form factors include <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">SFP, CFP, and QSFP<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">; the middle part \u201c100G\u201d represents the <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">fiber <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">optic<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">module\u2019s fundamental data transmission rate such as 10G, 100G, and 400G; \u201cLR\u201d stands for its supported PMD(Physical Medium Dependent) standard; the number \u201c4\u201d indicates that the optical module has four signal channels.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">Not all optical transceiver\u2019s supported link lengths will be given on the label. By checking out the table above, you may still easily get knowledge of its application and transmission distance.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\"><iframe class=\"note-video-clip\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/PmZfrngH1tw\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14pt;\"><b>4.\u00a0<!--[endif]--><span class=\"15\">Receiver Sensitivity<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">Before you get more details on how to measure the transmission distance, it is necessary to have a basic <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">understanding of <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">transiting<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">optical power<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">. <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">The <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">transiting<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0optical power can be <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">regarded<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\"> as the intensity of the light, in W or MW, or dBm<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">(<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0W or mW is a linear unit and dBm is a logarithmic unit<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">), which is usually measured by optical power meters. <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">dBm <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">is the most frequently-used unit to<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0represent optical power<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">. The equation<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0can be expressed as<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;\"><i><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" align=\"justify\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;\"><i><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">P(dBm)=10Log(P\/1mW)<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;\"><i><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">Optical power attenuat<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">ing<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0by hal<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">f mW is <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">tantamount to reducing by 3dB. 0dBm of optical power corresponds to 1mW<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; text-indent: 0pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">The optical power of PON series products has to be measured by an exclusive optical power meter due to their burst mode ONU end. In this case, the optical power meters needs to be <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; text-indent: 0pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">connect<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; text-indent: 0pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">ed<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; text-indent: 0pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0in series<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; text-indent: 0pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0within the circuits to get an instant <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; text-indent: 0pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">uplink and downlink optical power<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; text-indent: 0pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0result.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-align: center; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"width: 50%;\" src=\"\/\/www.fibermall.com\/editor\/img\/1611197431_46057.png\" \/><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-align: center; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-align: center; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"width: 196px;\" src=\"\/\/fibermall.com\/editor\/img\/1611214454_25193.png\" \/><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><i><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\"><i style=\"text-indent: 0pt; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u25ee\u00a0<\/span><\/i><b>Optical Power Meter<\/b><\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background: #fcfcfe;\"><b>s<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-para-margin-left: 0.0000gd; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span class=\"15\">Optical communication systems use a BER value to specify the performance requirement for a particular transmission link application. Defining the receiver sensitivity of an optical transceiver is actually measuring an optical power budget in dBm incident on the photodetector. This is a pretty useful method in lower data rate optical module systems for dispersion and chirping are not the main factors to transmission link length. The measuring method is as follows:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><i><span class=\"15\">P budget = Min Pt &#8211; Min Pr<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; padding: 0pt; word-break: break-all; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span class=\"15\">Why there is a minimum power for transiting and a minimum sensitivity for a \u00a0photodetector? \u00a0The performance of optical modules is often not consistent with each other throughout the production and is changing over the life cycle. Therefore, the worst performance needs to be considered when calculating the average power. This is different from academic research pursuing the approval of authority; products are measured by their usability<\/span><span class=\"15\">\u00a0and general applicability.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt; background: #ffffff;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Based on the power budget, the maximum supported transmission distance can be measured by the optical fiber loss in bands of 1310nm and 1550nm. In general, the average loss of the O band and C band is measured by 0.35 dBm and 0.25 dBm respectively. For example, if an SMF optical module\u2019s working wavelength is 1310nm; its transiting power is -4~0dBm, and its receiver sensitivity is -22dBm. Thus it supports a transmission distance of about 50km, corresponding to the ER standard according to the above calculation method.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt; background: #ffffff;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt; background: #ffffff;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">But this method does not take factors like system margin, optical fiber connector, loss, and dispersion of optical fiber connector into account. Therefore, this calculated result is just the theoretical maximum distance, but its actual result is a little bit less than that.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt; background: #ffffff;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt; background: #ffffff;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Required_OSNR\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><b><span style=\"color: #000000;\">5. Required OSNR<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt; background: #ffffff;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For fiber optic transceivers with long transmission reach, OSNR(Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio) is another important indicator apart from the receiver sensitivity. As for optical transceivers with the short reach mentioned above, since there is no OA(Optical Amplifier) in the optical fiber transmission links, optical power is the major dominating indicator to test module system performance. When the signal is transmitted over a multi-span network, the power of the link system can be improved by OA. Therefore, it is not accurate to measure the transmission distance only by optical signal power, and the signal-to-noise power of optical links must be considered as well. The following figures show a typical\u00a0 WDM transiting system and optical link with a long distance.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; padding: 0pt; background: #ffffff;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"width: 50%;\" src=\"\/\/www.fibermall.com\/editor\/img\/1611215185_56897.jpg\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 12pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><i><span style=\"font-family: Arial; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background: #ffffff;\">\u25ee<b>Typical WDM Optical Fiber Link &amp; Communication System<\/b><\/span><\/i><\/span><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;\">There are booster amplifiers and pre-amplifier on both the transmitter end and receiver end. An inline amplifier to remedy the losses from each span of an optical fiber. For instance, if the input power in a single-wavelength link is Pin dB, there are N optical fiber spans with an average loss of Aspan dB and the length is Lspan km, the minimum OSNR is ReOSNR dB\u00a0as long with Penalty dB\u00a0link transmission after the system is tested for no BER. In this case, the required system margin is budget dB.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;\">Each EDFA has the same OSNR,i.e.NF dB\u00a0so that the OSNR of the single-wavelength signal at the receiver end can be roughly defined by the following equation<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-indent: 0.0000pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center; background: #ffffff; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">OSNRest =\u00a0Pin\u00a0+\u00a058 -NF -10log10(N)-Aspan<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;\">According to the requirement of the optical fiber system, the maximum transmission distance cannot be achieved unless the following condition is provided,<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; padding: 0pt; background: #ffffff;\" align=\"justify\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">OSNRest\u2265ReOSNR+Penalty+Budget<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;\">Combined with the above 2 equations, the biggest number of the span can be calculated so that the maximum transmission distance can be expressed as<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"text-indent: 0.0000pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center; background: #ffffff; margin: 0.0000pt;\" align=\"center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Lmax =\u00a0N*Lipan<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; padding: 0pt; background: #ffffff;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Generally, 100G coherent system\u2019s pin is about 1dBm. For EDFA optical link in practice, its NF is 5~7dB with Lsapn =80 or 100km; <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; padding: 0pt; background: #ffffff;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">while common single-mode fiber\u2019s average span is 22dB(100km) and its power budget is 5dB. At present, the typical required OSNR for a commercial grade 100G optical transceiver can reach within 11dBm and it is easy to achieve a transmission distance of over 2000km.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p\" style=\"margin: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; padding: 0pt; background: #ffffff;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-size: 12pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;\">When there is a booster amplifier\u00a0at the transmitter end and a pre-amplifier at the receiver end, the calculated maximum number of spans should minus 1. In this case, the maximum transmission link length can be measured correctly. In reality, a number of signal impairments that are inherent in optical fiber transmission systems can degrade the link performance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;\">The penalties within an optical fiber transmission system include the link filter\u2019s penalty, nonlinear effects that arise when there is a high optical power level in a fiber link, and a penalty from the optical module\u2019s operation. Also, power penalties are from signal impairment triggered by the link\u2019s dynamic input(usually the Polarization Dependent affected by changes in environment temperature, vibration, and press, such as rapid SOP variation) and the degrading performance caused by the <span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">burn-in<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">\u00a0components.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 12pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><i><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.4pt; background: #ffffff;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Though an overall estimation of an appropriate system margin is not easy, it is essential to the high-efficiency optical fiber communication link system in the future. As most of the upgraded performance, for example, the upgraded performance for DSP through nonlinear effect remedy is 0.5dB,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; text-indent: 0pt;\">would be likely to be counteracted by the too convectional system margin.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">When all the techniques have been tried, it may be high time that people pay attention to how to reasonably set the system OSNR margin, through which some capacity or distances may be enhanced.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14pt;\"><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; text-indent: 0pt;\">According to the above analyses, the optical transmission distance is affected by various factors including working wavelength, the optical fiber mode, compliant <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; text-indent: 0pt;\">protocols<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; text-indent: 0pt;\">\u00a0&amp; standards, receiver sensitivity, and required OSNR. <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; text-indent: 0pt;\">A<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; text-indent: 0pt;\">n optic fiber transceiver\u2018s transmission distance will be easily <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; text-indent: 0pt;\">measured or estimated when you take<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; text-indent: 0pt;\">\u00a0these factors<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; text-indent: 0pt;\">\u00a0into account<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; text-indent: 0pt;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<style>\r\n\r\n        .lwrp.link-whisper-related-posts{\r\n            \r\n            margin-top: 40px;\nmargin-bottom: 30px;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-title{\r\n            \r\n            \r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-description{\r\n            \r\n            \r\n\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-container{\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-multi-container{\r\n            display: flex;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-double{\r\n            width: 48%;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-triple{\r\n            width: 32%;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-row-container{\r\n            display: flex;\r\n            justify-content: space-between;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-row-container .lwrp-list-item{\r\n            width: calc(100% - 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In the era of the network, the continuous progress of optical fiber transmission technology requires further distance on the optical network communication. Some users may be confused about the measurement of an optical module\u2019s link length in practice. 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