{"id":18309,"date":"2025-11-19T02:50:02","date_gmt":"2025-11-19T02:50:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/?p=18309"},"modified":"2025-12-01T06:54:58","modified_gmt":"2025-12-01T06:54:58","slug":"infiniband-vs-ethernet-the-battle-between-broadcom-and-nvidia-for-ai-scale-out-dominance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/infiniband-vs-ethernet-the-battle-between-broadcom-and-nvidia.htm","title":{"rendered":"InfiniBand vs. Ethernet: The Battle Between Broadcom and NVIDIA for AI Scale-Out Dominance"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/infiniband-vs-ethernet-the-battle-between-broadcom-and-nvidia.htm\/#The_Core_Battle_in_High-Performance_Computing_Interconnects\" >The Core Battle in High-Performance Computing Interconnects<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/infiniband-vs-ethernet-the-battle-between-broadcom-and-nvidia.htm\/#Key_Battlegrounds_in_Scale-Out_InfiniBand_Advantages_vs_Ethernet_Counteroffensive\" >Key Battlegrounds in Scale-Out: InfiniBand Advantages vs. Ethernet Counteroffensive<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/infiniband-vs-ethernet-the-battle-between-broadcom-and-nvidia.htm\/#Switch_ASIC_Cost_and_CPO_Deployment_Race_Ethernet_Leads_InfiniBand_Follows_Closely\" >Switch ASIC Cost and CPO Deployment Race: Ethernet Leads, InfiniBand Follows Closely<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/infiniband-vs-ethernet-the-battle-between-broadcom-and-nvidia.htm\/#Electrical_Interconnects_Reach_Their_Limit_Optical_Integration_Becomes_the_Focus\" >Electrical Interconnects Reach Their Limit; Optical Integration Becomes the Focus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/infiniband-vs-ethernet-the-battle-between-broadcom-and-nvidia.htm\/#The_Ethernet_Camp_Rallies_UEC_Promotes_UEC_10_Standard\" >The Ethernet Camp Rallies: UEC Promotes UEC 1.0 Standard<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/infiniband-vs-ethernet-the-battle-between-broadcom-and-nvidia.htm\/#Chinas_Large-Scale_Development_Coordinating_International_Standards_with_Independent_Innovation\" >China\u2019s Large-Scale Development: Coordinating International Standards with Independent Innovation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/infiniband-vs-ethernet-the-battle-between-broadcom-and-nvidia.htm\/#Next-Generation_AI_Data_Centers_Technological_Transformation_and_Opportunities\" >Next-Generation AI Data Centers: Technological Transformation and Opportunities<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Core_Battle_in_High-Performance_Computing_Interconnects\"><\/span><strong>The Core Battle in High-Performance Computing Interconnects<\/strong><strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ethernet is poised to reclaim mainstream status in scale-out data centers, while InfiniBand continues to maintain strong momentum in the high-performance computing (HPC) and AI training sectors. Broadcom and NVIDIA are fiercely competing for market leadership.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As artificial intelligence models grow exponentially in size, data center scaling has shifted from traditional vertical scale-up (single-system) architectures to massive horizontal scale-out architectures involving tens of thousands of interconnected nodes. The scale-out networking market is currently dominated by two competing technologies:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>InfiniBand<\/strong>: The long-standing performance leader, driven by NVIDIA\u2019s subsidiary Mellanox, leverages native RDMA protocol to deliver ultra-low latency (sub-2 microseconds) and zero packet loss.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ethernet<\/strong>: Supported aggressively by Broadcom and others, it benefits from an open ecosystem and significantly lower cost.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In June 2025, Ethernet launched a powerful counterattack. The Ultra Ethernet Consortium (UEC) officially released the UEC 1.0 specification, which completely reconstructs the network protocol stack and achieves performance comparable to InfiniBand. With multiple advantages, Ethernet is expected to gradually expand its market share. This technological shift is reshaping the entire competitive landscape of the scale-out market.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"676\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/infiniband-and-ethernet-market-size-forecast-1024x676.png\" alt=\"infiniband and ethernet market size forecast\" class=\"wp-image-18312\" style=\"width:800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/infiniband-and-ethernet-market-size-forecast-1024x676.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/infiniband-and-ethernet-market-size-forecast-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/infiniband-and-ethernet-market-size-forecast-768x507.png 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/infiniband-and-ethernet-market-size-forecast.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Battlegrounds_in_Scale-Out_InfiniBand_Advantages_vs_Ethernet_Counteroffensive\"><\/span><strong>Key Battlegrounds in Scale-Out: InfiniBand Advantages vs. Ethernet Counteroffensive<\/strong><strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The mainstream scale-out InfiniBand architecture natively supports Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA). Its working principle is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>During data transfer, the DMA controller sends data to an RDMA-capable network interface card (RNIC).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The RNIC encapsulates the data and transmits it directly to the receiving RNIC.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Because this process completely bypasses the CPU\u2014unlike traditional TCP\/IP\u2014InfiniBand achieves extremely low latency (&lt;2 \u00b5s).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Furthermore, InfiniBand employs credit-based flow control (CBFC) at the link layer, ensuring data is transmitted only when the receiver has available buffer space, thereby guaranteeing zero packet loss.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Native RDMA requires InfiniBand switches to function properly. For many years, these switches have been dominated by NVIDIA\u2019s Mellanox division, resulting in a relatively closed ecosystem with higher procurement and maintenance costs\u2014hardware costs are approximately three times those of equivalent Ethernet switches.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"648\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/infiniband-technology-evolution-1024x648.png\" alt=\"infiniband technology evolution\" class=\"wp-image-18313\" style=\"width:800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/infiniband-technology-evolution-1024x648.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/infiniband-technology-evolution-300x190.png 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/infiniband-technology-evolution-768x486.png 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/infiniband-technology-evolution.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Thanks to its open ecosystem, numerous suppliers, flexible deployment options, and lower hardware costs, Ethernet has gradually gained widespread adoption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To bring RDMA capabilities to Ethernet, the InfiniBand Trade Association (IBTA) introduced RDMA over Converged Ethernet (RoCE) in 2010:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>RoCE v1<\/strong>: Simply added an Ethernet header at the link layer, restricting communication to the same Layer-2 subnet and preventing transmission across routers or different subnets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>RoCE v2<\/strong>&nbsp;(released in 2014): Replaced the InfiniBand Global Routing Header (GRH) in Layer 3 with IP\/UDP headers. This change allows standard Ethernet switches and routers to recognize and forward RoCE packets, enabling cross-subnet and cross-router transmission and dramatically improving deployment flexibility.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>However, RoCE v2 latency remains slightly higher than native RDMA (~5 \u00b5s) and requires additional mechanisms such as Priority Flow Control (PFC) and Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to reduce packet loss risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"676\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/infiniband-vs-open-roce-1024x676.png\" alt=\"infiniband vs open roce\" class=\"wp-image-18314\" style=\"width:800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/infiniband-vs-open-roce-1024x676.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/infiniband-vs-open-roce-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/infiniband-vs-open-roce-768x507.png 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/infiniband-vs-open-roce.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The comparison chart in the original document highlights the key differences between InfiniBand and open RoCE technology:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>InfiniBand uses a completely proprietary closed protocol stack to achieve the lowest possible latency.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>RoCE v1 simulates the InfiniBand architecture over Ethernet but is confined to the same Layer-2 subnet.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>RoCE v2 uses the IP network layer, supports cross-subnet communication, and offers the highest compatibility with existing Ethernet data center infrastructure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"609\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ethernet-technology-evolution-1024x609.png\" alt=\"ethernet technology evolution\" class=\"wp-image-18315\" style=\"width:800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ethernet-technology-evolution-1024x609.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ethernet-technology-evolution-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ethernet-technology-evolution-768x457.png 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ethernet-technology-evolution.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>InfiniBand retains inherent advantages in ultra-low latency and zero packet loss, making it the preferred choice in today\u2019s AI data centers. However, its higher hardware and maintenance costs, combined with limited vendor options, are driving a gradual shift toward Ethernet-based architectures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"508\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/key-comparsion-of-AI-data-center-1024x508.png\" alt=\"key comparsion of AI data center\" class=\"wp-image-18316\" style=\"width:800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/key-comparsion-of-AI-data-center-1024x508.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/key-comparsion-of-AI-data-center-300x149.png 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/key-comparsion-of-AI-data-center-768x381.png 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/key-comparsion-of-AI-data-center.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Driven by explosive AI data center demand and cost\/ecosystem considerations, NVIDIA has entered the Ethernet market in force. In addition to its own InfiniBand Quantum series switches, NVIDIA now offers the Spectrum series Ethernet products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2025:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Quantum-X800: 800 Gbps\/port \u00d7 144 ports = 115.2 Tbps total<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Spectrum-X800: 800 Gbps\/port \u00d7 64 ports = 51.2 Tbps total<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CPO (Co-Packaged Optics) versions of Quantum-X800 and Spectrum-X800 are expected in the second half of 2025 and second half of 2026, respectively.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Although Spectrum switches are priced higher than competing Ethernet switches, NVIDIA\u2019s strength lies in deep hardware-software integration (e.g., with BlueField-3 DPUs and the DOCA 2.0 platform) enabling highly efficient adaptive routing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Switch_ASIC_Cost_and_CPO_Deployment_Race_Ethernet_Leads_InfiniBand_Follows_Closely\"><\/span><strong>Switch ASIC Cost and CPO Deployment Race: Ethernet Leads, InfiniBand Follows Closely<\/strong><strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the Ethernet camp, Broadcom has consistently maintained technical leadership in Ethernet switch silicon. Its Tomahawk series follows the principle of \u201cdoubling total bandwidth approximately every two years.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By 2025, Broadcom launched the Tomahawk 6\u2014the world\u2019s highest-bandwidth switch chip at the time\u2014with 102.4 Tbps total capacity, supporting 64 \u00d7 1.6 Tbps ports. Tomahawk 6 also natively supports the Ultra Ethernet Consortium (UEC) 1.0 protocol, implementing multi-path packet spraying, Link-Layer Retry (LLR), and Credit-Based Flow Control (CBFC), further reducing latency and packet-loss risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Broadcom also leads in Co-Packaged Optics (CPO) technology:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>2022: Tomahawk 4 Humboldt CPO version<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2024: Tomahawk 5 Bailly<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2025: Tomahawk 6 Davisson<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"406\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/comparsion-of-scale-out-switch-ics-1024x406.png\" alt=\"comparsion of scale-out switch ics\" class=\"wp-image-18317\" style=\"width:800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/comparsion-of-scale-out-switch-ics-1024x406.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/comparsion-of-scale-out-switch-ics-300x119.png 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/comparsion-of-scale-out-switch-ics-768x304.png 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/comparsion-of-scale-out-switch-ics.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Compared with Broadcom\u2019s 102.4 Tbps Tomahawk 6 launched in 2025, NVIDIA is not expected to release its 102.4 Tbps Spectrum-X1600 until the second half of 2026\u2014roughly one year behind. NVIDIA\u2019s 102.4 Tbps Spectrum-X Photonics CPO version is also scheduled for H2 2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"893\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/nvidia-scale-out-network-development-1024x893.png\" alt=\"nvidia scale-out network development\" class=\"wp-image-18318\" style=\"width:800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/nvidia-scale-out-network-development-1024x893.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/nvidia-scale-out-network-development-300x262.png 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/nvidia-scale-out-network-development-768x670.png 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/nvidia-scale-out-network-development.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Beyond the Broadcom\u2013NVIDIA duel:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Marvell launched the 51.2 Tbps Teralynx 10 in 2023<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cisco released the 51.2 Tbps Silicon One G200 series in 2023 along with CPO prototypes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Electrical_Interconnects_Reach_Their_Limit_Optical_Integration_Becomes_the_Focus\"><\/span><strong>Electrical Interconnects Reach Their Limit; Optical Integration Becomes the Focus<\/strong><strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Traditional copper-based electrical interconnects are hitting physical limits. As transmission distances increase, optical fiber interconnects demonstrate clear advantages in scale-out scenarios: lower loss, higher bandwidth, stronger electromagnetic interference resistance, and longer reach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"607\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/comparsion-of-electrical-and-optical-communication-1024x607.png\" alt=\"comparsion of electrical and optical communication\" class=\"wp-image-18319\" style=\"width:800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/comparsion-of-electrical-and-optical-communication-1024x607.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/comparsion-of-electrical-and-optical-communication-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/comparsion-of-electrical-and-optical-communication-768x455.png 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/comparsion-of-electrical-and-optical-communication.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Current optical solutions primarily use pluggable transceivers, achieving single-lane 200 Gbps and aggregate 1.6 Tbps (8\u00d7200 Gbps).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As speeds rise, power consumption and signal loss on PCBs become severe. Silicon Photonics (SiPh) was developed to address these issues by integrating tiny transceiver components directly onto silicon, forming Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs). These are then co-packaged inside the chip, shortening electrical paths and replacing them with optical paths\u2014this is Co-Packaged Optics (CPO).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"676\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/pic-diagram-1024x676.png\" alt=\"pic diagram\" class=\"wp-image-18320\" style=\"width:800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/pic-diagram-1024x676.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/pic-diagram-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/pic-diagram-768x507.png 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/pic-diagram.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The broader CPO concept encompasses multiple forms: On-Board Optics (OBO), Co-Packaged Optics (CPO), and Optical I\/O (OIO).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"676\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/cpo-technology-evolution-1024x676.png\" alt=\"cpo technology evolution\" class=\"wp-image-18321\" style=\"width:800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/cpo-technology-evolution-1024x676.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/cpo-technology-evolution-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/cpo-technology-evolution-768x507.png 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/cpo-technology-evolution.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Optical engine (OE) packaging is moving ever closer to the main ASIC:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>OBO: OE on PCB (now rarely used)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Narrow CPO: OE on substrate (current mainstream) \u2192 power &lt;0.5\u00d7 pluggable (~5 pJ\/bit), latency &lt;0.1\u00d7 (~10 ns)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>OIO: OE on interposer (future direction) \u2192 power &lt;0.1\u00d7 (&lt;1 pJ\/bit), latency &lt;0.05\u00d7 (~5 ns)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>CPO still faces challenges in thermal management, bonding, and coupling. As optical communication approaches its limits, breakthroughs in CPO and silicon photonics will determine the next competitive landscape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Ethernet_Camp_Rallies_UEC_Promotes_UEC_10_Standard\"><\/span><strong>The Ethernet Camp Rallies: UEC Promotes UEC 1.0 Standard<\/strong><strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As mentioned earlier, InfiniBand captured significant share early in generative AI thanks to its ultra-low latency. However, Ethernet\u2014the mainstream high-performance networking ecosystem\u2014is also committed to achieving similar latency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Ultra Ethernet Consortium (UEC) was founded in August 2023 with initial members including AMD, Arista, Broadcom, Cisco, Eviden, HPE, Intel, Meta, and Microsoft. Unlike the NVIDIA-dominated InfiniBand ecosystem, UEC emphasizes open standards and interoperability to avoid single-vendor lock-in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In June 2025, UEC released UEC 1.0\u2014not merely an enhancement of RoCE v2, but a complete reconstruction of every layer (software, transport, network, link, and physical).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"829\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/UEC-1.0-spec-829x1024.png\" alt=\"UEC 1.0 spec\" class=\"wp-image-18322\" style=\"width:800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/UEC-1.0-spec-829x1024.png 829w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/UEC-1.0-spec-243x300.png 243w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/UEC-1.0-spec-768x949.png 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/UEC-1.0-spec.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 829px) 100vw, 829px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Key latency-reduction improvements include the Packet Delivery Sub-layer (PDS) in the transport layer, featuring:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Multi-path transmission over multiple equal-cost, equal-speed paths (lanes\/tracks)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>NICs use entropy to spray packets across all paths for maximum bandwidth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This multi-tier structure enables ultra-fast network recovery and near-InfiniBand adaptive routing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To minimize packet loss, UEC 1.0 introduces two major mechanisms:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Optional Link-Layer Retry (LLR): fast local retransmission request on packet loss, reducing reliance on PFC<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Optional Credit-Based Flow Control (CBFC): sender must obtain credits from receiver before transmitting, achieving true lossless behavior identical to InfiniBand CBFC<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chinas_Large-Scale_Development_Coordinating_International_Standards_with_Independent_Innovation\"><\/span><strong>China\u2019s Large-Scale Development: Coordinating International Standards with Independent Innovation<\/strong><strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>China\u2019s AI infrastructure scale-out architecture is evolving along the dual principles of autonomy and international compatibility. While adhering to global Ethernet standards, major domestic enterprises are heavily investing in indigenous architectures, gradually forming distinctly Chinese scale-out systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alibaba, Baidu, Huawei, Tencent, and many others have joined UEC to co-develop the standard. Simultaneously, they are independently developing scale-out fabrics that target low latency and zero packet loss, directly benchmarking InfiniBand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"432\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/chinas-scale-out-1024x432.png\" alt=\"china's scale-out\" class=\"wp-image-18323\" style=\"width:800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/chinas-scale-out-1024x432.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/chinas-scale-out-300x127.png 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/chinas-scale-out-768x324.png 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/chinas-scale-out.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Notable indigenous architectures:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>China Mobile \u2013 GSE (General Scheduling Ethernet)<\/strong>: Launched before UEC in May 2023. GSE 1.0 optimizes existing RoCE via port-level load balancing and endpoint congestion awareness. GSE 2.0 is a full protocol-stack rebuild with multi-path spraying and DGSQ flow control.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Alibaba Cloud \u2013 High-Performance Network (HPN)<\/strong>: HPN 7.0 uses \u201cdual uplink + multi-lane + dual plane\u201d design. Next-gen HPN 8.0 will feature fully in-house 102.4 Tbps 800G switch chips.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Huawei \u2013 UB-Mesh interconnect<\/strong>: Deployed on Ascend NPU platforms using multi-dimensional nD full-mesh topology, supporting both scale-up and true scale-out at 3D+ dimensions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>With participation from ZTE, Accelink, and others, China is rapidly building a complete domestic optical module and silicon-photonics supply chain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Next-Generation_AI_Data_Centers_Technological_Transformation_and_Opportunities\"><\/span><strong>Next-Generation AI Data Centers: Technological Transformation and Opportunities<\/strong><strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For many years, NVIDIA\u2019s InfiniBand has dominated AI scale-out markets with sub-2 \u00b5s latency and zero packet loss. However, with the June 2025 release of UEC 1.0, Ethernet is rapidly closing the gap in latency and reliability while reclaiming competitiveness. Broadcom continues its two-year bandwidth-doubling cycle, relentlessly advancing Ethernet hardware performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As rates reach 1.6 Tbps and beyond, pluggable optics\u2019 power and latency become bottlenecks, making CPO the future mainstream. Broadcom has led CPO deployment since 2022; NVIDIA plans InfiniBand CPO in H2 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As Ethernet and CPO mature, AI data center networks are fully transitioning to high-speed optical interconnects, creating massive opportunities for optical transceivers and upstream supply chains (silicon-photonics chips, lasers, fiber modules).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the scale-out domain:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>NVIDIA is expected to continue leading the traditional InfiniBand segment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Broadcom is poised to maintain dominant share in Ethernet via superior high-bandwidth ASICs, CPO leadership, and UEC implementation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In August 2025, both NVIDIA and Broadcom unveiled \u201cScale-Across\u201d concepts to extend connectivity across multiple data centers\u2014the next paradigm in high-performance networking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<style>\r\n\r\n        .lwrp.link-whisper-related-posts{\r\n            \r\n            margin-top: 40px;\nmargin-bottom: 30px;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-title{\r\n            \r\n            \r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-description{\r\n            \r\n            \r\n\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-container{\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-multi-container{\r\n            display: flex;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-double{\r\n            width: 48%;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-triple{\r\n            width: 32%;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-row-container{\r\n            display: flex;\r\n            justify-content: space-between;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-row-container .lwrp-list-item{\r\n            width: calc(100% - 20px);\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-item:not(.lwrp-no-posts-message-item){\r\n            \r\n            list-style: decimal;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-item img{\r\n            max-width: 100%;\r\n            height: auto;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-item.lwrp-empty-list-item{\r\n            background: initial !important;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-item .lwrp-list-link .lwrp-list-link-title-text,\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-item .lwrp-list-no-posts-message{\r\n            \r\n                \r\n        }\r\n        @media screen and (max-width: 480px) {\r\n            .lwrp.link-whisper-related-posts{\r\n                \r\n                \r\n            }\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-title{\r\n                \r\n                \r\n            }\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-description{\r\n                \r\n                \r\n            }\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-list-multi-container{\r\n                flex-direction: column;\r\n            }\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-list-multi-container ul.lwrp-list{\r\n                margin-top: 0px;\r\n                margin-bottom: 0px;\r\n                padding-top: 0px;\r\n                padding-bottom: 0px;\r\n            }\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-list-double,\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-list-triple{\r\n                width: 100%;\r\n            }\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-list-row-container{\r\n                justify-content: initial;\r\n                flex-direction: column;\r\n            }\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-list-row-container .lwrp-list-item{\r\n                width: 100%;\r\n            }\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-list-item:not(.lwrp-no-posts-message-item){\r\n                \r\n                \r\n            }\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-list-item .lwrp-list-link .lwrp-list-link-title-text,\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-list-item .lwrp-list-no-posts-message{\r\n                \r\n                    \r\n            }\r\n        }<\/style>\r\n<div id=\"link-whisper-related-posts-widget\" class=\"link-whisper-related-posts lwrp\">\r\n            <h3 class=\"lwrp-title\">Related Posts<\/h3>    \r\n        <div class=\"lwrp-list-container\">\r\n                                            <ul class=\"lwrp-list lwrp-list-single\">\r\n                    <li class=\"lwrp-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/dsp-technology-in-coherent-optics.htm\" class=\"lwrp-list-link\"><span class=\"lwrp-list-link-title-text\">DSP Technology in Coherent Optical Communications<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"lwrp-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/news\/openreach-seeks-fttp-supplier.htm\" class=\"lwrp-list-link\"><span class=\"lwrp-list-link-title-text\">Openreach Seeks Third FTTP Supplier<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"lwrp-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/managed-ethernet-switch.htm\" class=\"lwrp-list-link\"><span class=\"lwrp-list-link-title-text\">Exploring the Benefits and Features of Managed Network Switches<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"lwrp-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\" class=\"lwrp-list-link\"><span class=\"lwrp-list-link-title-text\">400G ZR, DR4, FR4, LR4, SR8 QSFP-DD Optical Transceiver Overview<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"lwrp-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/major-difference-between-router-adn-layer-3-switch.htm\" class=\"lwrp-list-link\"><span class=\"lwrp-list-link-title-text\">Key Differences Between Layer 3 Switch vs Router: Understanding the Essentials<\/span><\/a><\/li>                <\/ul>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Core Battle in High-Performance Computing Interconnects Ethernet is poised to reclaim mainstream status in scale-out data centers, while InfiniBand continues to maintain strong momentum in the high-performance computing (HPC) and AI training sectors. Broadcom and NVIDIA are fiercely competing for market leadership. As artificial intelligence models grow exponentially in size, data center scaling has [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":227,"featured_media":18327,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.13 (Yoast SEO v25.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>InfiniBand vs. Ethernet: The Battle Between Broadcom and NVIDIA for AI Scale-Out Dominance - fibermall.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ethernet is poised to reclaim mainstream in scale-out datacenters, while InfiniBand continues to maintain strong momentum in the HPC and AI training.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/infiniband-vs-ethernet-the-battle-between-broadcom-and-nvidia.htm\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"InfiniBand vs. Ethernet: The Battle Between Broadcom and NVIDIA for AI Scale-Out Dominance\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The 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