{"id":99,"date":"2024-06-12T15:01:00","date_gmt":"2021-02-25T09:04:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/?p=99"},"modified":"2025-02-12T06:52:49","modified_gmt":"2025-02-12T06:52:49","slug":"400g-zr-dr4-fr4-lr4-sr8-qsfp-dd-optical-transceiver-overview","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm","title":{"rendered":"400G ZR, DR4, FR4, LR4, SR8 QSFP-DD Optical Transceiver Overview"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 12pt\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">Optical transceivers are key devices to realize optical network interconnection in the data center. As the number and density of ports go on, data centers have to take the cost of optical modules into consideration since it is expected to account for nearly half of the cost of optical networks in IDC. At present, the newly-built data centers of major Internet companies<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">&nbsp;are looking to make a transition to 400G <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">Ethernet<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">. 400G QSFP-DD optical modules are the most common optical solutions for the 400G high data rate network connectivity. A brief introduction of 400G QSFP-DD optics will be given in this post.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\/#What_is_QSFP-DD_in_the_400G_Transceiver_Module\" >What is QSFP-DD in the 400G Transceiver Module?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\/#What_are_the_Common_400G_Transceiver_Types_in_the_Market\" >What are the Common 400G Transceiver Types in the Market?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\/#%E2%97%8F_400G_DR4_QSFP-DD_Transceiver\" >\u25cf&nbsp;400G DR4 QSFP-DD Transceiver<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\/#%E2%97%8F_400G_FR4_QSFP-DD_Optical_Transceiver\" >\u25cf&nbsp;400G FR4 QSFP-DD Optical Transceiver<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\/#%E2%97%8F_400G_LR4_QSFP-DD_Transceiver_Module\" >\u25cf&nbsp;400G LR4 QSFP-DD Transceiver Module<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\/#%E2%97%8F_400G_SR8_Optical_Transceiver\" >\u25cf&nbsp;400G SR8 Optical Transceiver&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\/#What_is_the_Difference_Between_400G_QSFP-DD_FR4_and_400G_QSFP-DD_FR8\" >What is the Difference Between 400G QSFP-DD FR4 and 400G QSFP-DD FR8?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\/#Reliability\" >Reliability<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\/#Modulation\" >Modulation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\/#DSP_Latency\" >DSP Latency<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\/#Power_Consumption\" >Power Consumption<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\/#400G_Optical_Transceiver_Application_Scenarios\" >400G Optical Transceiver Application Scenarios<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\/#Datacenter\" >Datacenter<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\/#Metropolitan_Bearer_Network\" >Metropolitan Bearer Network<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\/#Long_Distance_High_Capacity_Transmission_Networks\" >Long Distance High Capacity Transmission Networks<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\/#Advantages_of_400G_QSFP-DD_DR4_Silicon_Photonics_Optical_Transceiver\" >Advantages of 400G QSFP-DD DR4 Silicon Photonics Optical Transceiver<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/an-overview-of-400g-optical-transceiver.htm\/#Related_Posts\" >Related Posts<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-is-qsfp-dd-in-the-400g-transceiver-module\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_QSFP-DD_in_the_400G_Transceiver_Module\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><b><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica\">What is QSFP-DD in the 400G Transceiver Module?<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 12pt\">QSFP-DD, an abbreviation of<i>&nbsp;<\/i>Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable (QSFP) \u2013 Double Density (DD), is a high-speed hot pluggable form factor defined by the QSFP-DD MSA group as a key part of the optical communication industry to achieve high-density networking. As the best option for the 400G optical transceiver form factor, this QSFP-DD connector enables data centers to effectively grow and expand cloud capacity as needed.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 12pt\"><span style=\"color: #424242\">QSFP-DD is forward and backward compatible with the QSFP port and is also compatible with the existing <\/span>QSFP28 optical modules <span style=\"color: #424242\">and AOC\/DAC, etc. <\/span><span style=\"color: #424242\">The electrical interface of a QSFP-DD connector consists of 8 electrical lanes, &nbsp;running at 25Gb\/s NRZ signal or 50Gb\/s PAM4 signal each for a total bandwidth of 200Gb\/s or 400Gb\/s. QSFP-DD can achieve up to 14.4Tb\/s aggregated bandwidth in a single switch slot.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div align=\"center\">\n<table class=\"MsoTableGrid\" style=\"width: 68.5709%; border: none;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2263%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid dotted solid solid; border-color: #4f81bd windowtext #4f81bd #4f81bd; background: #4f81bd;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"118\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\">Optical Interface<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background: #4f81bd;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\">Optical Signal Rate<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.107%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background: #4f81bd;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\">Transmission mode<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2085%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background: #4f81bd;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"82\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\">Standard<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background: #4f81bd;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"148\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\">Electrical Signal \u00a0Rate<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5981%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background: #4f81bd;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\">Form Factor<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 23.3500pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.2263%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"118\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><strong><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">400G-SR16<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">16*26.5Gbps NRZ<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.107%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">100m MM<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2085%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"82\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">802.3bs<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"148\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">16*26.5Gbps NRZ<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5981%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">CDFP\/CFP8<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 36.4500pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.2263%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"118\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><strong><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">400G-FR8<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">8\u03bb*53Gbps PAM4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.107%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">2km SM<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2085%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"82\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">802.3bs<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"148\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">8*53Gbps PAM4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5981%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">QSFP DD\/OSFP<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2263%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"118\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><strong><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">400G-LR8<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">8\u03bb*53Gbps PAM4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.107%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">10km SM<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2085%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"82\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">802.3bs<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"148\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">8*53Gbps PAM4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5981%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">QSFP DD\/OSFP<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2263%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"118\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><strong><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">400G-SR8<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">8\u03bb*53Gbps PAM4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.107%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">100m MM<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2085%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"82\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">802.cm<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"148\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">8*53Gbps PAM4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5981%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">QSFP DD\/OSFP<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2263%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"118\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><strong><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">400G-SR4.2<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">4*2\u03bb*53Gbps PAM4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.107%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">100m MM(2\u03bb)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2085%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"82\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">802.3cm<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"148\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">8*53Gbps PAM4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5981%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">QSFP DD\/<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/800g-sr8-400g-sr4-test-report.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">OSFP<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2263%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"118\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><strong><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">400G-DR4<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">4*106Gbps PAM4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.107%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">500m SM<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2085%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"82\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">802.3bs<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"148\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">8*53Gbps PAM4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5981%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">QSFP DD\/OSFP<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2263%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"118\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><strong><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">400G-FR4<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">4*106Gbps PAM4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.107%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">2km SM<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2085%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"82\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">100G\/\u03bb\u00a0MSA<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"148\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">8*53Gbps PAM4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5981%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">QSFP DD\/OSFP<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2263%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"118\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><strong><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">400G-LR4<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">4*106Gbps PAM4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.107%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">10km SM<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2085%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"82\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">TBD<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"148\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">8*53Gbps PAM4<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5981%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">QSFP DD\/OSFP<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2263%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"118\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><strong><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">400G-ZR<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">DWDM+59.8Gbd DP-16QAM<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.107%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"134\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">&gt;80km DWDM<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2085%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"82\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">OIF<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.93%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt dotted windowtext; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"148\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5981%; padding: 0pt 5.4pt; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid #4f81bd; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid #4f81bd; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 15pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">QSFP\u00a0DD\/OSP<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"color: #424242; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10pt;\"><b style=\"text-indent: 0pt;\"><i><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\">\u2206\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-attachment: initial;\"><b>Technical Indicators for Different 400G Fiber Transceiver Types<\/b><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-are-the-common-400g-transceiver-types-in-the-market\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_Common_400G_Transceiver_Types_in_the_Market\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 12pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><b>What are the Common 400G Transceiver Types in the Market?<\/b><\/span><b><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-nbsp-400g-dr4-qsfp-dd-transceiver\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%97%8F_400G_DR4_QSFP-DD_Transceiver\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">\u25cf&nbsp;<\/span><!--[endif]--><b>400G DR4 QSFP-DD Transceiver<\/b><b><\/b><\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 12pt\"><span style=\"color: #00ccff\"><a style=\"color: #00ccff\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/sale-452821-400g-qsfp-dd-dr4-1310nm-500m-pam4.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">400G DR4<\/a> <\/span>is an optical transceiver module designed for 400G Ethernet data center interconnect in QSFP-DD (Quad Small Form Factor Pluggable-double density ) form factor. On the transmitter end, this DR4 module converts 8 channels of 50Gb\/s (PAM4) electrical signal into 4 channels of parallel optical output data, each capable of 100Gb\/s data rate for an aggregated bandwidth of 400Gbls. On the receiver side, the optic transceiver converts 4 lanes of parallel optical data of 100Gbp\/s each lane for an aggregated of 400Gbp\/s to support 8 lanes of 50Gb\/s PAM4 electrical output signal.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/DR4-e1642644295452.jpg\" alt=\"QSFP-DD-400G-DR4 400G QSFP-DD DR4 Optical Transceiver Module with MTP\/MPO connector and 1310nm SMF\" class=\"wp-image-1505\" style=\"width:700px\" width=\"700\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/DR4-e1642644295452.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/DR4-e1642644295452-300x166.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/DR4-e1642644295452-768x424.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica\"> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 10pt\"><b>FiberMall 400G DR4 QSFP-DD Optical Transceiver Module<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 12pt\"><b>&nbsp;<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 12pt\"><span style=\"color: #424242\">The <\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">400G QSFP-DD DR4<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #424242\">&nbsp;fiber module achieves the transmission over SMF(<\/span><span style=\"color: #424242;letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">single-mode fiber<\/span><span style=\"color: #424242\">) with an <\/span><span style=\"color: #424242;letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">MPO-12 connector<\/span><span style=\"color: #424242;letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">. Normally, the 400G transceiver of QSFP-DD DR4 form-factor supports a max transmission distance of 500 meters on 1310nm center wavelength. The product is designed with digital diagnostic functions according to the <span style=\"color: #00ccff\"><a style=\"color: #00ccff\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/store-20656-400g-qsfp-dd.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">400G QSFP-DD<\/a><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #424242;letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\"><span style=\"color: #00ccff\">&nbsp;<\/span>Multi-Source Agreement (MSA)<\/span><span style=\"color: #424242;letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"ast-oembed-container \" style=\"height: 100%;\"><iframe title=\"400G QSFP-DD DR4 Introduction and Application | FiberMall\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YmqWeY25plY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>400G QSFP-DD DR4 Introduction and Application<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-nbsp-400g-fr4-qsfp-dd-optical-transceiver\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%97%8F_400G_FR4_QSFP-DD_Optical_Transceiver\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">\u25cf&nbsp;<\/span><!--[endif]--><b>400G FR4 QSFP-DD Optical Transceiver<\/b><\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 12pt\">The&nbsp;400GBASE-FR4 module is a 400Gbps hot-pluggable transceiver in a QSFP-DD form factor&nbsp;that supports 8 high-speed electrical interfaces connecting to the host. The <span style=\"color: #000000\">400G FR4<\/span> transceiver incorporates 4 independent lanes on CWDM4 center wavelengths of 1271\/1291\/1311\/1331nm running at 100Gbps per lane. 4 uncooled 100 Gbps CWDM EMLs are used in the DSP AND EML lasers as an optical drive with an optical multiplexer. It is designed with a <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/duplex-lc-connector.htm\" title=\"duplex LC connector\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\" target=\"_blank\">duplex LC connector<\/a> for the optical interface to support up to 2km transmission for 400G Ethernet links over single-mode fiber (SMF). <span style=\"color: #00ccff\"><a style=\"color: #00ccff\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/sale-452823-400g-qsfp-dd-fr4-cwdm4-2km-pam4.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">400G FR4<\/a><\/span> QSFP DD fiber transceiver module follows a similar protocol of <span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">100G Single Lambda MSA specification for<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">400G FR4 <\/span>and<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">QSFP-DD MSA<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">specification<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/www.fibermall.com\/editor\/img\/1614235505_37176.jpg\" alt=\"400G QSFP-DD FR4 Optical Module with duplex LC connector\" title=\"400G QSFP-DD FR4 Optical Module with duplex LC connector\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\"><b><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">\u2206&nbsp;Diagram of 400G FR4 QSFP-DD Transceiver Module with Duplex Fiber<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><b><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-nbsp-400g-lr4-qsfp-dd-transceiver-module\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%97%8F_400G_LR4_QSFP-DD_Transceiver_Module\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 12pt\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">\u25cf&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">400G LR4 QSFP-DD Transceiver Module<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica\">400GBase LR4 fiber optic modules are designed with a built-in Gearbox chip that<span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\"> multiplex the two channels\u2019 electrical input data into single-channel outputs signal and then modulates it to the optical receiver end. Specifically, the DSP basis gearbox converts 8 channels of 25GBaud PAM4 signals into 4 channels of 50GBaud (PAM4) signals over<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">&nbsp;an SMF<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\"> (Singlemode Fiber)&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">cable<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">&nbsp;with duplex LC connectors. This <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica;color: #00ccff\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\"><a style=\"color: #00ccff\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/sale-452824-400g-qsfp-dd-lr4-cwdm4-10km-pam4.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">400G LR4<\/a><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\"> transceiver product features FEC and full real-time digital diagnostic monitoring, supporting a transmission distance of up to 10km. <\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">I<\/span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\">t defines a <\/span>400Gb\/s PHY for operation on the four<span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial\"> CWDM center wavelengths of 1271, 1291, 1311, and 1331nm. FiberMall&#8217;s 400G LR4 transceiver has the same function and quality as the Cisco 400G transceiver and Arista 400G transceiver and has better compatibility.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/LR4-e1642644406473.jpg\" alt=\"400G QSFP-DD LR4 \" class=\"wp-image-1506\" style=\"width:700px\" width=\"700\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/LR4-e1642644406473.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/LR4-e1642644406473-300x160.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/LR4-e1642644406473-768x409.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #333333;font-size: 10pt;text-align: start\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica\">FiberMall 400G QSFP-DD LR4&nbsp; Optical Transceiver<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-nbsp-400g-sr8-optical-transceiver-nbsp\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%97%8F_400G_SR8_Optical_Transceiver\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 12pt\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">\u25cf&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">400G SR8 Optical Transceiver&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 12pt\"><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt\">400G SR8 is a&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt\">Quad Small Form Factor Pluggable&#8211;double density<\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt\">&nbsp;fiber optic transceiver compliant to IEEE 802.3bs Specification. This module offers&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt\">8 parallel&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt\">transmitter and receiver&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt\">lanes<\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt\">, where 400 Gigabit Ethernet signal is carried over. Each of these 8 independent channels is capable of a 53.125Gbps<\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt\">(PAM4)<\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt\">&nbsp;d<\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt\">ata&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt\">r<\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt\">ate<\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt\">&nbsp;to aggregate a total bandwidth of 400Gb\/s on 100 meters of OM3 multi-mode fiber cable with MTP\/MPO-16 connector. The center wavelength of the 8 independent channels is 850nm. Similar to DR4, FR4, LR4 QSFP-DD 400G optical module, <span style=\"color: #00ccff\"><a style=\"color: #00ccff\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/sale-452811-qsfp-dd-400g-sr8-850nm-100m.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">400G SR8<\/a><\/span> is compliant with QSFP-DD MSA specification and&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial;letter-spacing: 0pt\">IEEE 802.3bs<\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial;letter-spacing: 0pt\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 0pt;background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-attachment: initial;letter-spacing: 0pt\">protocol.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"ast-oembed-container \" style=\"height: 100%;\"><iframe title=\"400G QSFP-DD SR8 Introduction and Application | FiberMall\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Cw8UubKt6JQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-is-the-difference-between-400g-qsfp-dd-fr4-and-400g-qsfp-dd-fr8\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_Difference_Between_400G_QSFP-DD_FR4_and_400G_QSFP-DD_FR8\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\"><strong><b>What is the Difference Between 400G QSFP-DD FR4 and 400G QSFP-DD FR8?<\/b><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-reliability\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reliability\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\"><strong><b>Reliability<\/b><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">The 400G QSFP-DD FR4 has a baud of 53.125GBd and the 400G QSFP-DD FR8 has a baud of 26.5625GBd.&nbsp;As the baud increases, the MPI cost and CD cost of PAM4 gradually increase, facing the challenge of long-term reliable operation, thus requiring a more robust FEC and addressing interoperability issues. Both optical modules use KP4 FEC, 400G QSFP-DD FR4 with &gt;80% Margin per channel and 400G QSFP-DD FR8 with &gt;90% Margin per channel, 400G QSFP-DD FR8 will be more reliable compared to others.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-modulation\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Modulation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong><b>Modulation<\/b><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Both the 400G QSFP-DD FR4 and 400G QSFP-DD FR8 are 8-channel 53Gbps PAM4 modulation on the electrical side, and the difference is on the optical side. The FR8 optical port side uses 8-channel 53Gbps PAM4 modulation; The optical interface side of FR4 uses four channels of 106Gbps PAM4 modulation. Internally, the Gearbox chip multiplexes the two electrical interface inputs into one signal and then modulates them to the optical interface. Therefore, the rate of the optical interface side is twice that of the electrical interface side, namely, four channels of 106Gbps PAM4 signals. The 50G PAM4 is upgraded to 100G PAM4 modulation, and the dispersion tolerance is reduced.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/The-FR8-optical-port-side-uses-8-channel-53Gbps-PAM4-modulation.png\" alt=\"The FR8 optical port side uses 8-channel 53Gbps PAM4 modulation\" class=\"wp-image-3213\" style=\"width:700px\" width=\"700\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/The-FR8-optical-port-side-uses-8-channel-53Gbps-PAM4-modulation.png 1500w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/The-FR8-optical-port-side-uses-8-channel-53Gbps-PAM4-modulation-300x192.png 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/The-FR8-optical-port-side-uses-8-channel-53Gbps-PAM4-modulation-1024x655.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/The-FR8-optical-port-side-uses-8-channel-53Gbps-PAM4-modulation-768x492.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/The-optical-interface-side-of-FR4-uses-four-channels-of-106Gbps-PAM4-modulation.png\" alt=\"The optical interface side of FR4 uses four channels of 106Gbps PAM4 modulation\" class=\"wp-image-3214\" style=\"width:700px\" width=\"700\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/The-optical-interface-side-of-FR4-uses-four-channels-of-106Gbps-PAM4-modulation.png 1535w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/The-optical-interface-side-of-FR4-uses-four-channels-of-106Gbps-PAM4-modulation-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/The-optical-interface-side-of-FR4-uses-four-channels-of-106Gbps-PAM4-modulation-1024x640.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/The-optical-interface-side-of-FR4-uses-four-channels-of-106Gbps-PAM4-modulation-768x480.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1535px) 100vw, 1535px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-dsp-latency\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DSP_Latency\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong><b>DSP Latency<\/b><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">The 400G QSFP-DD FR4 uses an 8:4 Gearbox internally, resulting in a poor latency performance of about 102ns, while the 400G QSFP-DD FR8 has only about 84ns latency. Therefore, 400G QSFP-DD FR8 has better latency performance. The 400G QSFP-DD FR8 is more suitable for scenarios requiring high-performance computing.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-power-consumption\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Power_Consumption\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong><b>Power Consumption<\/b><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">On the one hand, the 400G QSFP-DD FR8 offers improved link budgets. But on the other hand, using more lasers makes the modules consume more power, the total laser cost per module is higher, and the optical package is more complex, resulting in lower output and higher production cost. In contrast, the 400G QSFP-DD FR4 has lower power consumption and simpler heat treatment capabilities.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Projects<\/td><td>FR4<\/td><td>FR8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Baud<\/td><td>53.125GBd<\/td><td>26.5625GBd<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>DSP Latency<\/td><td>\u2248102ns greater<\/td><td>\u224884ns smaller<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MPI Cost<\/td><td>poor<\/td><td>fair<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD Cost<\/td><td>poor<\/td><td>fair<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>KP4 FEC Margin<\/td><td>reliable<\/td><td>very reliable<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Power Consumption<\/td><td>low<\/td><td>high<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Transmission Performance<\/td><td>fair<\/td><td>good<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">In summary, the 8-way optical 400G QSFP-DD FR8 offers better transmission performance in all aspects compared to the 400G QSFP-DD FR4 but is slightly inferior in power consumption and cost. 400G QSFP-DD FR4 is suitable for commercial data centers, while 400G QSFP-DD FR8 is more suitable for high-performance computing.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">According to the research of Lightcounting, a market research organization in the optical communication indus<\/span><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">try, on the global optical transceiver market, FiberMall will analyze and summarize the global optical transceiver market demand and shipments in 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"135\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe9-300x135.jpg\" alt=\"a pluggable market emerges\" class=\"wp-image-1877\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe9-300x135.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe9-1024x461.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe9-768x346.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe9.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Recently, the latest research report of LightCounting shows that the sales of Ethernet optical transceivers will reach US$4.6 billion in 2021, a year-on-year increase of 25%. LightCounting expects the market\u2018s CAGR\uff08compound annual growth rate\uff09to slow down to 14% in 2022-2027, but even at this modest growth rate, the segment will still reach $10 billion by 2027.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">What is driving the growth?<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">In fact, optical transceiver suppliers have recovered from the impact of COVID-19 in early 2020 in just a few months, with demand for products from 1GbE to 400GbE exceeding their full-year expectations. &#8220;As the tide rises, even the sales of 1GbE optical transceivers have picked up, not to mention 10G and 40G products.&#8221; Demand for traditional low-rate products began to decline at the end of 2020 but picked up again in the first half of 2021, which was unexpected. Most likely, the new and possibly final wave of demand for traditional low-rate products comes from enterprise and telecom network upgrades, which have been delayed largely due to COVID-19.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Another important factor driving the market growth is the very strong demand for 200GbE and 400G optical modules. Google started deploying 400G optical modules 3 years ago, while Amazon started in 2020, and Meta (formerly Facebook) delayed the deployment of 200G to 2021, which had a huge impact on the market. In addition, the first sale of 2x400G optical modules to Google also contributed to market growth in 2021. This momentum is expected to continue into 2022, but LightCounting predicts slower growth in 2023-2027.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"153\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe1-300x153.jpg\" alt=\"annual growth in sales of Ethernet optical transceivers\" class=\"wp-image-1868\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe1-300x153.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe1.jpg 767w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">LightCounting notes that its forecast model is based on assumptions about bandwidth growth for Ethernet optical connections in numerous applications. Besides, LightCounting has also modeled the consumption of optical modules for each of the top ten cloud computing companies. For example, LightCounting estimates that Amazon will nearly double the bandwidth of its data center network by a massive upgrade to 400G connectivity in 2020 and 2021. Over the longer term, bandwidth growth is expected to decrease to 40% per year, or double every two years or so.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">At the same time, LightCounting also raised its expectation for 800G and 1.6T products.&nbsp;LightCounting noted that conservative forecasts are suitable for markets prone to volatility, as it helps explain unexpected slowdowns in demand and economic downturns. It is unusual that the pandemic is good for the optical module industry as a whole. The Ethernet market achieved a CAGR of 18% from 2011 to 2021, without great decline. With that in mind, a CAGR of 14% for 2022-2027 is a very reasonable assumption.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"quarterly coherent port shipments\" class=\"wp-image-1869\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe2.jpg 769w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Shipments of 400G ZR\/ZR+ modules surged in the fourth quarter of 2021 as Cisco (Acacia) and Marvell rapidly expanded their production capacity, according to research firm Cignal AI&#8217;s Q4 2021 Transport Application Report. However, demand from cloud service providers still outstrips supply, which will increase this year as production climbs from suppliers such as Ciena, NeoPhotonics, and II-VI. Cignal AI expects shipments of 400G&nbsp; ZR\/ZR+ modules to grow by 200% in 2022 as cloud operators such as Microsoft, Amazon, and Google, as well as traditional network operators such as AT&amp;T, Windstream, and COLT, roll out large-scale deployments.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Scott Wikinson, the chief optics analyst of Cignal AI, said: &#8220;Cloud service providers and telecom operators are making fundamental changes to their network architectures due to the commercial availability of pluggable 400G coherent modules. Shipments of the<span style=\"color: #00ccff\"> <a style=\"color: #00ccff\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/sale-459179-cisco-qdd-400g-zr-s-dco-coherent-transceiver.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">400G ZR<\/a> <\/span>module are growing rapidly, and so far, more than half of the shipments came from the fourth quarter.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Further highlights from the Q4 2021 Transport Application Report:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">As pluggable coherent modules reshape the supplier landscape, the number of coherent ports directly procured by operators is growing rapidly.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Shipments of Gen60C pluggable 400G ZR modules still have supply constraints, with only two suppliers meeting nearly all of the demand to date.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Ciena remains the largest supplier of state-of-the-art Gen90P 800G coherent ports, although shipments of Infinera and ICE6 products are growing rapidly.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Compact modular revenue in North America grew 25% in 2021 and Cienais&nbsp;the market leader in this category.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Only HW achieved Packet-OTN sales growth in 2021. Nokia&#8217;s continued investment in its OTN product portfolio has made it the leading OTN supplier in Europe and the US, where the company is best positioned to win HW&#8217;s business.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe3-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"total optical component revenue by company\" class=\"wp-image-1870\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe3-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe3-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe3-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe3.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">According to Cignal AI&#8217;s latest Optical Components Report, cloud service providers&#8217; capital expenditures for hyperscale data centers drive datacom optical components revenue growth by 27% and the growth reached $4.7 billion in 2021, which outpaced component revenue growth for telecommunication, consumption, and industrial optical applications.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Shipments of modules at this rate doubled to record levels in 2021 as large cloud providers and some enterprise customers\u2019 demand transitioned from 100G to 400GbE. &#8220;The transition to 400GbE is well underway, and pluggable coherent 400Gbps technology is revolutionizing the design of optical networks connecting data centers,&#8221; said Scott Wilkinson, principal optics analyst at Cignal AI. &#8220;The speed of 400Gbps will drive spending and bandwidth growth in and outside the data center in 2022.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-400g-optical-transceiver-application-scenarios\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"400G_Optical_Transceiver_Application_Scenarios\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong><b>400G Optical Transceiver Application Scenarios<\/b><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">With the increasing maturity of industry standards and network requirements, 400G optical modules have led the development of the optical communication industry, especially in the following three application scenarios gaining more and more attention: data centers, metropolitan area networks, and long-distance high-capacity transmission networks.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-datacenter\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Datacenter\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong><b>Datacenter<\/b><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Network Optical Module Solution for 400 GB Data Centers (Background: Rapid growth of east-west traffic)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">By 2021, about 70 percent of data center east-west traffic will remain within the data center, with growth rates expected to be significantly higher than north-south traffic and traffic between data centers, greatly increasing the demand for high-speed optical modules.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">North American OTT customers plan to begin deploying 400G solutions in 2020. Starting in the first half of 2019, Chinese OTT customers also initiated the first 400G test in China involving multiple 400G optical module suppliers.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/deploying-400G-solutions.png\" alt=\"deploying 400G solutions\" class=\"wp-image-3215\" style=\"width:700px\" width=\"700\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/deploying-400G-solutions.png 1080w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/deploying-400G-solutions-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/deploying-400G-solutions-1024x500.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/deploying-400G-solutions-768x375.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-metropolitan-bearer-network\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Metropolitan_Bearer_Network\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong><b>Metropolitan Bearer Network<\/b><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">400G optical module solution for MAN (Background: New services drive traffic growth in the 5G era)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">With the rapid development of 5G, new services, including ultra-high-definition video, Internet of Things, VR\/AR, and Internet of vehicles have put forward new requirements for bearer networks: ultra-high bandwidth, massive connections, ultra-low latency, and high reliability.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">The existing 100GE ports in metro networks cannot support the aggregation and core layers that require ultra-broadband, and the demand for 400GE optical interconnection solutions has arisen.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/400G-optical-module-solution-for-MAN.png\" alt=\"400G optical transceiver solution for MAN\" class=\"wp-image-3216\" style=\"width:700px\" width=\"700\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/400G-optical-module-solution-for-MAN.png 1050w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/400G-optical-module-solution-for-MAN-300x78.png 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/400G-optical-module-solution-for-MAN-1024x265.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/400G-optical-module-solution-for-MAN-768x199.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1050px) 100vw, 1050px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Take the 5G bearer network as an example. According to the bandwidth assessment of the Next Generation Mobile Network (NGMN) Consortium, the access layer bandwidth will grow to 50GE and the core layer bandwidth will grow to 200GE\/400GE during the large-scale 5G commercialization of metro networks.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/the-core-layer-bandwidth-will-grow-to-200GE-400GE.png\" alt=\"the core layer bandwidth will grow to 200GE 400GE\" class=\"wp-image-3217\" style=\"width:700px\" width=\"700\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/the-core-layer-bandwidth-will-grow-to-200GE-400GE.png 1080w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/the-core-layer-bandwidth-will-grow-to-200GE-400GE-300x109.png 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/the-core-layer-bandwidth-will-grow-to-200GE-400GE-1024x372.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/the-core-layer-bandwidth-will-grow-to-200GE-400GE-768x279.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-long-distance-high-capacity-transmission-networks\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Long_Distance_High_Capacity_Transmission_Networks\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Long Distance High Capacity Transmission Networks<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">400G optical module solutions for DWDM networks (Background: Traffic growth increases bandwidth pressure for long-distance transmission)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Network traffic growth leads to increased port bandwidth on the transmission network. For long-haul and high-bandwidth transmission, Wavelength Division Multiplexer (WDM)-based coherent transmission technology provides the best solution.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">As 400G coherent solutions mature, the demand for 400G coherent ports will grow rapidly beyond 2020.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Two drivers are driving the growth of 400G coherent ports: growth in network bandwidth and an increase in the number of client 400GE ports.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">According to LightCounting&#8217;s forecast report, 400G coherent ports will be used in an increasing number of networks and will see the fastest growth over the next five years.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">The 400G QSFP-DD DR4 optical module uses a standard MPO-12 connector to transmit up to 500m over single-mode fiber. It can also be connected to 100G DR optical modules. It adopts a 1310nm EML transmitter type and PAM4 pulse amplitude modulation mode.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"625\" height=\"180\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/The-400G-QSFP-DD-DR4-optical-module-uses-a-standard-MPO-12-connector.png\" alt=\"The 400G QSFP-DD DR4 optical module uses a standard MPO-12 connector\" class=\"wp-image-3219\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/The-400G-QSFP-DD-DR4-optical-module-uses-a-standard-MPO-12-connector.png 625w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/The-400G-QSFP-DD-DR4-optical-module-uses-a-standard-MPO-12-connector-300x86.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"158\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/It-adopts-1310nm-EML-transmitter-type-and-PAM4-pulse-amplitude-modulation-mode..png\" alt=\"It adopts 1310nm EML transmitter type and PAM4 pulse amplitude modulation mode.\" class=\"wp-image-3218\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-advantages-of-400g-qsfp-dd-dr4-silicon-photonics-optical-transceiver\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Advantages_of_400G_QSFP-DD_DR4_Silicon_Photonics_Optical_Transceiver\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Advantages of 400G QSFP-DD DR4 Silicon Photonics Optical Transceiver<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">There are two types of 400G QSFP-DD DR4 optical modules: traditional electric-optical chip-separated optical modules, and the electric-optical chip-integrated silicon photonics optical modules that have emerged in recent years.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">The 400G DR4 silicon photonics optical module usually adopts a 7nm DSP chip, and the power consumption is less than 10W, which meets the green application requirements of the data center. Compared to traditional optical modules with a 4-channel 100G EML solution, 400G DR4 silicon photonics optical modules only need single or dual light sources, which can effectively reduce the number of lasers.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Meanwhile, the 400G QSFP-DD DR4 silicon photonics optical module adopts the COB packaging process, allowing passive coupling between the optical fiber and silicon optical chip, and the optimized design eliminates TEC temperature control components, making it easier to achieve mass production and more obvious cost advantages.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Relevant data shows that 400G QSFP-DD DR4 silicon photonics optical module can save 10%~30% of cost compared with the traditional optical transceiver. LightCounting, a well-known research institute in the optical communication market, said that the market for digital communication high-speed optical modules is expected to reach $6.5 billion in 2024, and silicon photonics optical modules will be commercialized on a large scale, and their market share will occupy 60%.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">For high-rate optical devices, a silicon photonics optical chip is the best way to realize the single chip integration of photonic and electronic chips, which can realize the super-large capacity data exchange under the premise of effectively controlling the cost and power consumption.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">With the gradual maturity of silicon optical chip technology, the market share of 400G DR4 silicon optical module will continue to increase and show irreplaceable characteristics.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Other highlights of the 4Q21 Optical Components Report:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">In 2021, shipments of QSFP-DD data communication module were 8 million, most of which were in DR4 format;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">In 2021, more than 60,000 400Gbps pluggable coherent modules were&nbsp;shipped, most of which&nbsp;were&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #00ccff\"><a style=\"color: #00ccff\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/sale-459147-qsfp-dd-dco-400g-zr-coherent-transceiver.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">QSFP-DD ZR<\/a><\/span>;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">In 2021, shipments of 200Gbps coherent CFP2 modules increased by 17% to just over 200,000 units, as Chinese OEM FiberMall increased capacity at this speed for farther metro and long-haul applications.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">As previously known, Cisco finally acquired Acacia at a price of 4.5billion.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"162\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe4-300x162.jpg\" alt=\"investments in optics, silicon, and software\" class=\"wp-image-1872\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe4-300x162.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe4-768x415.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe4.jpg 976w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">The growth rate of ordinary optical modules is slowing down, but coherent optical modules doubled. What Acacia does best is exactly the coherent part.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"158\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe5-300x158.jpg\" alt=\"Acacia coherent interfaces and platforms\" class=\"wp-image-1873\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe5-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe5-768x405.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe5.jpg 980w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">Dell&#8217;Oro\u2019s data shows that 400G ZR will reach 250,000 units in 2026, while 800G ZR will be produced faster than 400G ZR at the very beginning, driving the rapid development of rates.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"166\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe6-300x166.jpg\" alt=\"coherent 400 zr and 800 zr pluggable\" class=\"wp-image-1874\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe6-300x166.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe6-1024x566.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe6-768x425.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe6.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif\">The gradually miniaturized coherent module can just meet the concise and open requirements of DCI. Whether it is ZR or ZR+, either 400G or 800G, opportunities for the DCI market outweigh the challenges.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"134\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe10-300x134.jpg\" alt=\"the DCI ecosystem\" class=\"wp-image-1875\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe10-300x134.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe10-1024x459.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe10-768x344.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe10.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"155\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe11-300x155.jpg\" alt=\"the DCI challenges\" class=\"wp-image-1876\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe11-300x155.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe11-1024x529.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe11-768x397.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/\u56fe11.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-conclusion\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 14pt\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">Conclusion<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #424242;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 12pt\"><span style=\"color: #00ccff\"><a style=\"color: #00ccff\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/400g-optical-transceivers-types-and-application.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">400G transceivers<\/a>&nbsp;<\/span>in Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable\u2013Double Density (QSFP-DD) based on the PAM4 modulation technique have become popular for 400G optical network interconnection in the data center. 400G ZR, DR4, FR4, LR4 and SR8 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.qsfp-dd.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><span style=\"color: #00ccff\">QSFP-DD<\/span><\/span><\/a> optical exemplify the PAM4 technology in 400G Ethernet application. FiberMall is a professional optical communication integrated supplier, currently providing products including fiber optic transceivers, DAC &amp; AOC cables, fiber optic cables, WDM &amp;PLC splitters, and other networking series. 400G DR4\/FR4\/LR4\/SR8\/ZR optical transceivers are available in FiberMall and you are always welcome to contact us or visit our website.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<style>\r\n\r\n        .lwrp.link-whisper-related-posts{\r\n            \r\n            margin-top: 40px;\nmargin-bottom: 30px;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-title{\r\n            \r\n            \r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-description{\r\n            \r\n            \r\n\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-container{\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-multi-container{\r\n            display: flex;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-double{\r\n            width: 48%;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-triple{\r\n            width: 32%;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-row-container{\r\n            display: flex;\r\n            justify-content: space-between;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-row-container .lwrp-list-item{\r\n            width: calc(100% - 20px);\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-item:not(.lwrp-no-posts-message-item){\r\n            \r\n            list-style: decimal;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-item img{\r\n            max-width: 100%;\r\n            height: auto;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-item.lwrp-empty-list-item{\r\n            background: initial !important;\r\n        }\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-item .lwrp-list-link .lwrp-list-link-title-text,\r\n        .lwrp .lwrp-list-item .lwrp-list-no-posts-message{\r\n            \r\n                \r\n        }\r\n        @media screen and (max-width: 480px) {\r\n            .lwrp.link-whisper-related-posts{\r\n                \r\n                \r\n            }\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-title{\r\n                \r\n                \r\n            }\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-description{\r\n                \r\n                \r\n            }\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-list-multi-container{\r\n                flex-direction: column;\r\n            }\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-list-multi-container ul.lwrp-list{\r\n                margin-top: 0px;\r\n                margin-bottom: 0px;\r\n                padding-top: 0px;\r\n                padding-bottom: 0px;\r\n            }\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-list-double,\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-list-triple{\r\n                width: 100%;\r\n            }\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-list-row-container{\r\n                justify-content: initial;\r\n                flex-direction: column;\r\n            }\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-list-row-container .lwrp-list-item{\r\n                width: 100%;\r\n            }\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-list-item:not(.lwrp-no-posts-message-item){\r\n                \r\n                \r\n            }\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-list-item .lwrp-list-link .lwrp-list-link-title-text,\r\n            .lwrp .lwrp-list-item .lwrp-list-no-posts-message{\r\n                \r\n                    \r\n            }\r\n        }<\/style>\r\n<div id=\"link-whisper-related-posts-widget\" class=\"link-whisper-related-posts lwrp\">\r\n            <h3 class=\"lwrp-title\">Related Posts<\/h3>    \r\n        <div class=\"lwrp-list-container\">\r\n                                            <ul class=\"lwrp-list lwrp-list-single\">\r\n                    <li class=\"lwrp-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/how-to-calculate-the-power-of-gpon.htm\" class=\"lwrp-list-link\"><span class=\"lwrp-list-link-title-text\">How to Calculate the Power Budget for GPON<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"lwrp-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/poe-powered-poe-switch.htm\" class=\"lwrp-list-link\"><span class=\"lwrp-list-link-title-text\">Unlocking the Potential of a PoE-Powered 5-Port Gigabit Switch<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"lwrp-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/25g-switch.htm\" class=\"lwrp-list-link\"><span class=\"lwrp-list-link-title-text\">HPE Aruba Networking: 25G and 100G SFP28\/QSFP28 Switch Options &#8211; Netgear and HPE Store<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"lwrp-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/difference-between-ipowdm-and-ip-plus-wdm.htm\" class=\"lwrp-list-link\"><span class=\"lwrp-list-link-title-text\">What is the Difference Between IPoWDM and IP+WDM?<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"lwrp-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fibermall.com\/blog\/network-ai-era.htm\" class=\"lwrp-list-link\"><span class=\"lwrp-list-link-title-text\">What Kind of Network is Needed in the\u00a0AI Era?<\/span><\/a><\/li>                <\/ul>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Optical transceivers are key devices to realize optical network interconnection in data center. As the number and density of ports go on, data centers have to take the cost of optical modules into consideration since it is expected to account for nearly half of the cost of optical networks in IDC. At present, the newly-built data centers of major Internet companies are looking to make a transition to 400G Ethernet. 400G QSFP-DD optical modules are the most common optical solutions for the 400G.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":227,"featured_media":308,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":"","_wpscppro_dont_share_socialmedia":false,"_wpscppro_custom_social_share_image":0,"_facebook_share_type":"default","_twitter_share_type":"default","_linkedin_share_type":"default","_pinterest_share_type":"default","_linkedin_share_type_page":"default","_instagram_share_type":"default","_medium_share_type":"","_threads_share_type":"","_google_business_share_type":"","_selected_social_profile":[{"id":"skM9ewvR8O","platform":"linkedin","platformKey":0,"name":"Jason Xue","type":"person","thumbnail_url":"https:\/\/media.licdn.com\/dms\/image\/C5603AQErPqKD0j6qBg\/profile-displayphoto-shrink_100_100\/0\/1599138392315?e=1723075200&v=beta&t=joEkh1OeKQ0F-QpAPv4xxQyBdGlHyccIQZauRSs6RvU","share_type":"default","postid":99,"nonce":"b27f65d44b"}],"_wpsp_enable_custom_social_template":false,"_wpsp_social_scheduling":{"enabled":false,"datetime":null,"platforms":[],"status":"template_only","dateOption":"today","timeOption":"now","customDays":"","customHours":"","customDate":"","customTime":"","schedulingType":"absolute"},"_wpsp_active_default_template":true},"categories":[2,30],"tags":[66,67,64,65,68,304],"class_list":["post-99","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-fiber-optic-transceivers","tag-400g-dr4","tag-400g-fr4","tag-400g-qsfp","tag-400g-qsfp-dd","tag-400g-sr8","tag-400g-zr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.13 (Yoast SEO v25.8) - 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As the number and density of ports go on, data centers have to take the cost of optical modules into consideration since it is expected to account for nearly half of the cost of optical networks in IDC. 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