Optical Transceiver Technology Trends of Data Center in 2022

With the rapid development of cloud computing, big data, ultra-high-definition video, artificial intelligence, and 5G industry applications, the frequency of network access and access methods continue to increase, and network data traffic grows rapidly, posing higher challenges to data center interconnection (DCI). Taking a data center with a spine-leaf CLOS architecture as an example, the typical optical interconnection scenarios are shown in Table 1. The first three scenarios are interconnection within the data center, and the fourth scenario is the interconnection among data centers.

Interconnection ScenariosTypical DistanceTypical Requirements for Optical Modules
Last GenerationAt PresentNext Generation
Scenario 1Server to TOR
(within Data Center )
2m(within the rack)
30/50m(across racks)
within Machine Room25G AOC/DOC100G AOC/DAC200G AOC/DAC
Scenario 2TOR to Leaf
(within Data Center)
≥70m/100mwithin Building100G SR4400G SR8/SR4.2800G PSM8/PSM4
Scenario 3Leaf to Spine
(within Data Center)
500m/2kmamong Buildings100G CWDM4400G FR4/DR4800G FR4/PSM4
Scenario 4Among Data Centers80-120mamong Campuses100G DWDM400G ZR/ZR+800G ZR

Table1: Typical Optical Interconnection Scenarios of Data Centers

1. Optical Module Requirements for Internal Interconnection of Data Centers

The internal interconnection of the data center accounts for a large proportion of the overall traffic distribution of the data center. The typical requirements for optical modules are shown in Table 1, and there are development trends toward high speed, low power consumption, low cost, intelligence, etc.

(1)The Trend Toward High Speed

The internal interconnection within Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Facebook, and other North American ultra-large data centers has begun commercial deployment of 400Gb/s optical modules between 2019 and 2020. Domestic data centers are gradually transitioning from 100Gb/s to 400Gb/s transceivers, and the scale deployment is expected to be realized in 2022. As shown in Diagram 1, the throughput of data center switching chips are expected to reach 51.2Tb/s in 2023 and 102.4Tb/s after 2025. Higher rates of 800Gb/s and 1.6Tb/s will become important choices to realize high-bandwidth data exchange.

developing trend of data center switch chip throughput

Diagram1: the developing trend of data center switch chip throughput

(2) The Trend Toward Low-consumption

As the capacity of switching chips continues to increase, the power consumption of optical modules has begun to exceed that of switching chips, becoming a key factor in network solutions. The early power consumption of 400Gb/s optical modules is 10~12W, and the long-term power consumption is expected to be 8~10W; the power consumption of 800Gb/s optical modules is about 16W. In addition, the industry expects to reduce the power consumption and cost of interconnecting SerDes by encapsulating the optical engine and the switching chip, and CPO (co-packaged optics) technology encapsulates electronic chips and optical engines together, which has become a research hotspot in the industry.

(3) The Trend Toward Low Cost

There are massive interconnection requirements in data centers, and low cost is one of the main driving forces for the continuous development of optical module technology solutions. First, the access cables in scenario one show a trend of diversification. Some solutions reduce the interconnection distance by adjusting the cabinet layout, and using lower-cost direct-attached copper cables (DAC) instead of optical cables; second, with the stable operating environment and fast replacement of data center optical modules, the industry is actively exploring solutions to lower costs by reducing requirements for temperature and long-term reliability and so on; thirdly, as the speed continues to increase, the sinking trend of coherent solutions is obvious, and non-coherent solutions are also striving to expand to long distances. The two schemes “meet” in some application scenarios, and the proportion of demand for different schemes in the “meeting” scenes will be closely related to factors including cost.

(4)The Trend Toward Intelligence

OTT has begun to pay attention to the enhancement of the operation and maintenance capabilities and quality improvement of optical modules. The health monitoring of optical modules and early warning of faults are realized through artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data, which puts forward new requirements for the functional characteristics and specifications of optical transceivers.

Types of Optical ModulesForm FactorOptical Interface Rate
Gb/s
Electrical interface rate
Gb/s
Transmission DistanceNumber of FibersTypical Power Consumption
100Gb/sVRQSFP2810010030/50m1<3.5W
SR44×254×2570/100m4
PSM44×254×25500m4
CWDM44×254×252km1
LR44×254×2510km1
200Gb/sVR2QSFP562×1002×10030/50m2<6.5W
SR44×504×5070/100m4
FR44×504×502km1
LR44×504×5010km1
400Gb/sVR4QSFP-DD/OSFP4×1004×10030/50m4<12.0W
SR88×508×50100m8
SR4.28×508×50100m4
DR44×1004×100500m4
FR44×1004×1002km1
LR44×1004×10010km1
800Gb/sVR8QSFP-DD800
/OSFP
/QSFP224
/CPO
8×1008×10030/50m816W
PSM88×1008×10070/100m8
DR88×1008×100500m8
DR44×2008×100500m4
2×FR48×1008×1002km2
FR44×2008×1002km1

Table2:  Optical Module Requirements of Internal Data Center Interconnection

2. Optical Modules Used in the Interconnection Among Data Centers

In the early stage, it was mainly accessed through the Internet. With the increase in business traffic, the data traffic reached more than Tb/s, and problems such as network delay, congestion, and security required special interfaces to support. Data centers are energy-intensive industries. Due to the constraints of power supply and the surrounding environment, the scale of a single data center cannot be expanded infinitely. The extensive application of modern virtualization technology enables multiple physically separated data centers to work like a virtual data center, and large Internet companies can share the load among multiple data centers and services, effectively reducing the data center’s demand for power supply, and facilitating rapid deployment. In addition, in consideration of disaster recovery and backup, many large data centers are composed of multiple sites, between which a large number of low-latency data exchange channels are required. The above application scenarios all place strong demands on DCI. The DCI distance is generally several kilometers to tens of kilometers, or even more than 100 kilometers. Typical interconnection scenarios are as follows:

(a) DCI-Campus: Connect to a data center at a short distance. The transmission distance is usually about 2km, and further expands to a longer distance of 10km;

(b) DCI-Edge: Distributed data center in the connection area. The transmission distance is usually 80km~120km;

(c) Metro/Long Haul: It is further extended to the metropolitan area and long-distance transmission, and the distance can reach hundreds or thousands of kilometers. In order to make full use of optical fiber resources, dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technology is widely used, and different modulation codes can be used for different transmission distances. In addition, although not part of the DCI infrastructure, wireless networking is also being integrated into the data center network.

For DCI within 20km, depending on the connection bandwidth and fiber resources, CWDM or DWDM direct modulation and detection technology can be selected. For the transmission distance of 20km to 80km, DWDM coherent technology, and direct modulation and detection technology compete in terms of construction and operation cost, reliability, etc. For the transmission distance of 80km~120km, DWDM coherent technology is the mainstream solution. In order to further reduce technical complexity and cost, colored light and gray light modules based on direct modulation and detection technology are also being developed simultaneously. As for transmission distances of hundreds of kilometers and more, it is necessary to transmit higher-speed signals on each wavelength to increase the total interface bandwidth, and coherent technology is the mainstream solution.

RateForm FactorTransmission DistanceDetection TechnologyModulation ModeReference Standard/Specification
100Gb/sCFP280-120kmCoherenceQPSKOpen ZR+
QSFP2880-120kmDirect Modulation and DetectionPAM4ColorZ
QSFP2880kmDirect Modulation and DetectionNRZ_
400Gb/sQSFP-DD80-120kmCoherence16QAMOIF 400ZR
800Gb/sQSFP-DD80010kmCoherence16QAMOIF 800LR
QSFP-DD80080-120kmCoherence16QAMOIF 800ZR

Table3: Requirements for optical modules for interconnection among data centers

3. Optical module technology used in data center interconnection

100G QSFP28 and 400G QSFP-DD, OSFP optical transceivers based on single-wavelength 100Gb/s

Datacenter construction puts forward strong demands for high speed, small size, low cost, and low power consumption of optical modules. Single wave 100Gb/s technology can effectively take advantage of the bandwidth improvement and iterative evolution of photoelectric chips, as well as highly integrated processes and packaging, to achieve higher interface density and low cost while meeting the same bandwidth requirements and reducing optical complexity.

In terms of international standardization, IEEE802.3 and 100G Lambda MSA have released or established a series of 100/400Gb/s related standards based on single-wavelength 100Gb/s, as shown in Table 4. In terms of industry standards, CCSA is formulating “100Gb/s Single-Wavelength Optical Transceiver” industry standards, including distance specification of DR (500m), FR1 (2km), LR1 (10km), LR1-20 (20km), and ER1-30/40 (30/40km); YD/T 3538.3-2020: “400Gb/s Intensity Modulation Pluggable Optical Transceiver Part 3: 4×100Gb/s” has been released in 2020, containing distance specification of DR4 (500m) and FR4 (2km); at the same time, FiberMall is actively carrying out research topics such as 4×100Gb/s intensity modulation long-distance optical modules and high-speed optical devices of 100GBaud and above.

GuidelineStateOperating Wavelength Distance
100G VR IEEE 802.3dbunder research842-948nm30m(OM3)
50m (OM4/5)
100G SR IEEE 802.3dbunder research844-863nm60m(OM3)
100m (OM4/5)
100G DRIEEE 802.3cd-2018published1304.5-1317.5nm500m
100G FR1IEEE 802.3cu-2021
100G Lambda MSA
(100G-FR and 100G-LR
Technical Specifications Rev 2.0)
published1304.5-1317.5nm2km
100G LR1published1304.5-1317.5nm10km
100G LR1-20100G Lambda MSA
(100G-LR1-20,100G-ER1-30 and 100G-ER1-40
Technical Specifications Rev 1.1)
published1304.5-1317.5nm20km
100G ER1-30/40published1308.09-1310.19nm30/40km
400G VR4IEEE 802.3dbunder research824-948nm30m(OM3)
50m (OM4/5)
400G SR4IEEE 802.3dbunder research844-863nm60m(OM3)
100m (OM4/5)
400G DR4IEEE 802.3bs-2017under research1304.5-1317.5nm500m
400G FR4IEEE 802.3cu-2021
100G Lambda MSA
(400G-FR4 Technical Specifications Rev 2.0)
published1264.5-1277.5nm
1284.5-1297.5nm
1304.5-1317.5nm
1324.5-1337.5nm


2km
400G LR4-6IEEE 802.3cu-2021published1264.5-1277.5nm
1284.5-1297.5nm
1304.5-1317.5nm
1324.5-1337.5nm


6km
400G LR4-10100G Lambda MSA
(400G-LR4-10
Technical Specification
Rev1.0)
published1264.5-1277.5nm
1284.5-1297.5nm
1304.5-1317.5nm
1324.5-1337.5nm


10km
400G ER4100G Lambda MSAunder researchnLWDM 30/40km

Table4:Progress of 100/400Gb/s-related international standards based on single-wavelength 100Gb/s

In terms of form factor, QSFP-DD MSA and OSFP MSA have released specifications of 400Gb/s QSFP-DD and 400Gb/s OSFP  respectively, using an 8×56Gb/s electrical interface. The QSFP-DD MSA updated and released the 6.01 version of the specification including 400Gb/s QSFP112 in 2021. The QSFP112 MSA, led by Alibaba and Baidu, will soon release relevant specifications to promote data center interconnection applications.

(1)500m/2km 100/400Gb/s optical transceivers

As shown in the diagram below, the first-generation single-wavelength 100Gb/s based 400Gb/s optical module is mainly based on an 8×56Gb/s electrical interface, which requires DSP to realize 8:4 Gearbox rate conversion. The second-generation 400Gb/s optical module adopts a 4×112Gb/s electrical interface, which can simplify the connection between the switch chip and the optical module, thereby reducing power consumption and cost.

the first and second generation of 400Gb/s optical modules based on single-wavelength 100Gb/s

Diagram2: the first and second generation of 400Gb/s optical modules based on single-wavelength 100Gb/s

In terms of optical interface technology, the 400Gb/s 500m DR4 optical module based on single-mode fiber has come into commercial use, and there are three types of solutions: EML, DML, and silicon photonics. Among them, the EML solution is the traditional solution with the highest maturity. At the end of 2020, Lumentum released a 100Gb/s PAM4 DML chip to provide strong support for the DML solution, which requires temperature control to ensure bandwidth performance at standard temperature (0~70°C). In terms of electronic chips, the industry lacked single-wave 100Gbs/s PAM4 DML supporting electronic chips in the early days. At present, optical communication companies like Insica, and Aluksen have launched Driver and TIA-related products, but the maturity of the industry chain still needs to be further improved.

The investment and R&D enthusiasm for silicon photonics solutions is high. Intel, Lumentum, II-VI, Acacia, FiberMall, and other companies have launched 400Gb/s DR4 silicon photonics module products, and Alibaba has also released self-developed silicon photonics modules. The silicon photonics solutions of various manufacturers in the industry are not uniform, which brings certain challenges to the formation of scale advantages. Due to factors such as high coupling loss, high-power CW DFB lasers, and large-swing drivers, the silicon photonics solution is still far from industry expectations in terms of power consumption. In addition, there is also controversy in the industry on the choice of CWDM4 and PSM4 technical solutions in 500m application scenarios. Both have their own pros and cons, so various factors such as performance and cost need to be comprehensively considered.

EML SolutionDML SolutionSilicon Photonics Solutions
Power ConsumtionModerateLowModerate
CostModerateLowDepends on pass rate at scale
MaturityHighLowModerate
Key technology_High bandwidth linear DML、DML DriverLow power modulator
SolutionCWDM4PSM4 or CWDM4PSM4
Number of pigtails28 or 28
Fiber spliceLC/UCD/SN/MDCMPO/LC/UCD/SN/MDCMPO/UCD/SN/MDC

Table5: Comparison of 400Gb/s 500m DR4 technical solutions

The 400Gb/s DR4+ optical module further expands the transmission distance to 2km, currently with the EML solution as the main solution. 100Gb/s DR and 100Gb/s FR1 optical modules mainly adopted the QSFP28 form factor, and are used in 500m and 2km breakout cable scenarios with 400Gb/s DR4 and 400Gb/s DR4+ optical modules respectively. The breakout scenario is currently used in large OTTs in North America. The advantage is that it can realize the practicability and flexibility of service signal interconnection and effectively improve port density; the disadvantage is that the maintenance is complicated and the types of modules are increased. The failure or replacement of any link will affect the other links. The 400Gb/s 2km FR4 application scenario mainly adopts the CWDM4 technical solution, which can greatly reduce the demand for optical fibers and achieve end-to-end cost advantages. At the same time, due to a large number of optical modules with different transmission distances, some domestic OTTs expect to use the 400Gb/s 2km FR4 solution to realize the unified bearer of 500m and 2km to reduce the complexity of operation and maintenance. At present, 100/400Gb/s optical module products based on single-wavelength 100Gb/s have been mass-produced by many manufacturers around the world.

TypeForm factorRepresentative domestic and foreign manufacturers
EMLSilicon photonics/DML
100G DRQSFP28/ SFP56-DDCisco,Juniper,FiberMall,II-VIIntel
100G FRIQSFP28/ SFP56-DDCisco,Juniper,FiberMallIntel
400G DR4QSFP-DDCisco,Arista,Juniper,II-VI,FiberMallIntel,II-VI, AOI(DML)
400G DR4+QSFP-DDBroadcomIntel
400G FR4QSFP-DDJuniper,FiberMall,II-VI,Cisco,Arista_

Table 6: Representative optical module manufacturers of 100Gb/s DR/FR1 and 400Gb/s DR4/DR4+/FR4

Device classificationKey chipRepresentative manufaturer
500m2km
Optical chip53GBaud detectorBroadcom、GCSBroadcom、GCS
53GBaud laserLumentum、II-VI、AOI(DML)Mitsubishi、Lumentum、Broadcom(EML)
Electric chip53GBaud linear TIAInphi、Broadcom、 Semtech、MacomInphi、Broadcom、 Semtech、Macom
53GBaud linear DriverInphi、Broadcom、 Semtech、MacomInphi、Broadcom、 Semtech、Macom
DSPInphi、BroadcomInphi、Broadcom
Silicon photonics integrated chipIntel、Acaica、 RockleyIntel、Acaica、 Rockley

Table7: Representative manufacturers of 100/400Gb/s 500m/2km optical module core photoelectric chip device

(2)10km/40km 100/400Gb/s optical transceivers

The mainstream technical solutions of 10km/40km 100/400Gb/s optical modules are shown in Table 8. The transmitting side of the 100Gb/s LR1 optical module uses a 53GBaud EML chip and has two form factor solutions: BOX and TO. The latter has the advantage of low cost, but the bandwidth margin is small and the pass rate is slightly lower. 53GBaud un-cooled EML has the advantages of low cost and low power consumption. It is currently used in scenarios of 2km and below, and the application of 10km needs to be further verified. The receiving side uses a 53GBaud PIN chip, with the coexistence of BOX and TO, airtight, and non-hermetic form factor, which may evolve to TO hermetic form factor and COB non-hermetic form factor in the future.

Module typeForm factorElectrical interfaceOptical interfaceOptical chipOSA Form factor
100Gb/s LR1QSFP284x25G NRZ1x 100G PAM4EML+ PINTO/BOX
100Gb/s ER1QSFP284x25G NRZ1x 100G PAM4EML+ APDTO/BOX
400Gb/s LR4QSFP-DD8x50G PAM44x 100G PAM4EML+ PINCOB/BOX
400Gb/s ER4QSFP-DD8x50G PAM44x 100G PAM4EML+ APD
EML+(SOA+PIN)
BOX

Table8: 100/400Gb/s 10/40km mainstream technical solutions

The block diagram of the 100Gb/s LR1/ER1 optical module is shown in Figures (a) and (b) below. The transmitter uses a 53GBaud EML chip; the receiver uses a 53GBaud PIN/APD chip, and the 4:1 PAM4 DSP chip supports KP4 FEC. The block diagrams of 400Gb/s LR4 and ER4 optical modules are shown in Diagram (c) and (d) respectively. The 400Gb/s LR4 transmitter uses 4×53GBaud EML array chips (BOX/COB form factor), and the receiver uses a 4×53GBaud PIN Array chip (BOX/COB form factor; airtight and non-airtight coexistence); 400Gb/s ER4 transmitter adopts 4×53GBd EML array chip (BOX package), with wavelength selection to be determined; receiver solution is to be determined, with high-performance APD and SOA+PIN solutions being possible (BOX/COB package, coexistence of airtight and non-airtight form factor). The 400Gb/s LR4/ER4 optical module adopts an 8:4 PAM4 DSP chip and supports KP4 FEC. Compared with traditional solutions, 100/400Gb/s optical modules based on single-wavelength 100Gb/s technology can save multiple optical chips, thereby reducing cost, power consumption, and manufacturing complexity, and improving pass rate. The electronic chip adopts DSP with integrated Driver, CDR, and Gearbox functions, which reduces the design complexity and facilitates the product focus for chip designers.

100/400Gb/s optical modules based on single wave 100Gb/s technology

Diagram3: 100/400Gb/s optical modules based on single wave 100Gb/s technology

At present, a number of domestic and foreign manufacturers have released mass-produced products and road signs based on single-wavelength 100Gb/s technology:

  • 100Gb/s LR1 has been supplied by several module manufacturers in batches. With the gradual maturity of 53GBaud optical device packaging technology, the qualification rate of optical module products has gradually improved, and the current cost is expected to be better than that of the 100Gb/s LR4 solution;

  • As for 400Gb/s LR4, a number of module manufacturers can provide Beta samples, and the cost is expected to be better than that of the 400Gb/s LR8 solution. With the gradual increase in the demand for 53GBaud optical chips in the future, there is a large room for cost reduction;

  • 100Gb/s ER1 and 400Gb/s ER4 are currently under research by several module manufacturers. The 100Gb/s ER1 has made a preliminary breakthrough and can achieve 40km transmission in the laboratory environment. 400Gb/s ER4 is under research, and a prototype is expected to be launched by the end of 2022 based on the good foundation of the 100G ER1. Both 100Gb/s ER1 and 400Gb/s ER4 currently face challenges such as high optical coupling efficiency requirements at the transmitting end, high chip sensitivity requirements at the receiving end, and the need for screening.

TypeForm factorRepresentative optical module manufacturers
AirtightnessNon-airtightness
100G LR1QSFP28CIG、FiberMall、Juniper、 AOI、CiscoII-VI
100G ER1QSFP28Sifotonics、AOI、FiberMall_
400G LR4QSFP-DDSEDI、Juniper、FiberMall、AOIMolex、CIG、II-VI
400G ER4QSFP-DDFiberMall、Cisco_

Table9:Representative optical module manufacturers of 100Gb/s LR1/ER1 and 400Gb/s LR4/ER4

The core photoelectric chip devices of the single-wave 100Gb/s PAM4 technology are mainly produced by foreign manufacturers, and some domestic manufacturers have made progress at the current stage. The qualification rate of screening 53GBaud EML lasers from 25GBaud EML lasers is low, and chip structure design, material doping, etc. are needed to be optimized, so as to solve the challenges and problems of increasing bandwidth while ensuring reliability. The 53GBaud APD detector chip is relatively mature at home and abroad, and the domestic products have excellent performance. The PAM4 DSP chip has developed rapidly in China in the past two years with the 50Gb/s rate having samples in small batches and good test performance. The 100Gb/s and 400Gb/s products are in the research and development stage.

Device classificationKey chipRepresentative manufaturer
10km40km
Optical chip53GBaud EMLMitsubishi、SEDI、Lumentum、Broadcom、NeoPhotonicsMitsubishi、SEDI、Lumentum、Broadcom、NeoPhotonics
53GBaud PINKyosemi、GCS、Albis_
53GBaud APD_Macom
Electric chip53GBaud linear TIAInphi、Semtech、MacomInphi、Semtech、Macom
DSPInphi、BroadcomInphi、Broadcom

Table10: 100Gb/s 10/40km core optoelectronic chip device of the optical module

Device classificationKey chipRepresentative manufaturer
10km40km
Optical device53 GBaud
CWDM EML
Mitsubishi,SEDI,lumentum,Broadcom,NeoPhotonics_
53 GBaud
nLWDM EML
_Mitsubishi,SEDI,lumentum,Broadcom,NeoPhotonics
53 GBaud PINKyosemi,GCS,Albis_
53 GBaud APD_Macom
Electric chip53 GBaud linear TIAInphi,Semtech,MacomInphi,Semtech,Macom
DSPInphi,BroadcomInphi,Broadcom

Table11:400Gb/s 10/40km core optoelectronic chip device of the optical module

In terms of application and deployment, 100Gb/s LR1 and 400Gb/s LR4 optical module products have basically grown into maturity, and shipments have gradually increased based on market demand; 100Gb/s ER1 and 400Gb/s ER4 are expected to become commercially available in mid-2022. 100/400Gb/s optical modules based on single-wavelength 100Gb/s technology have also begun to occupy an important position in the blueprint of operator deployment and equipment vendor integration, and there will be a large demand for them in the next few years. According to the mode of carriers’ bearer network, 30/40km optical modules are mainly used in wireless middle-haul and back-haul scenarios. When 100Gb/s ER1 has a cost advantage, it will become a strong contender with the existing 100Gb/s ER4. In the future, the market may support OTN 400Gb/s signal requirements on the basis of supporting Ethernet applications and further discussion is needed for enhancing the application space of 100Gb/s ER1 and 400Gb/s ER4.

(3)  50/100/400Gb/s 80~120km optical module

For the transmission distance of 80~120km, the coherent DWDM technology can solve the link dispersion problem through DSP, reduce the optical signal-to-noise ratio requirement, and have good performance. In order to further reduce power consumption, cost, and occupied space, the industry is also actively exploring DWDM color and gray light technology solutions with direct modulation and detection technology for 80~120km transmission distance.

SolutionModulation codeWave bandChannel SpacingChannel numberFEC TypeDispersion compensation Power efficiencyFiber capacityForm factorRelative cost
Colored lightCoherence100G DQPSKC100 GHz48/96CFECFEC 18W/100G4.8/9.6 Tb/sQSFP-DD/
CFP2-DCO/
CFP
3
400G 16QAMC100 GHz48CFECFEC 5W/100G19.2 Tb/sQSFP-DD/
CFP2-DCO/
OSFP/
CFP-16L
8
Direct mudulation
and detection
50G PAM4C50 GHz80KR4/KP4
/IFEC/SFEC
External dispersion compensation
is required beyond ±100ps
4.5W/100G4 Tb/sQSFP281
100G PAM4C100 GHz80KR4/KP4
/IFEC/SFEC
External dispersion compensation
is required beyond ±40ps
4.5W/100G8 Tb/sQSFP281.5
Gray lightDirect mudulation
and detection
4X25G NRZO__KR4 No dispersion compensation required6.5W/100G100 Gb/sQSFP280.5

Table12:Comparison of 100G/400G 80~120km technical solutions

Conclusion:

The rapid development and construction of data centers have brought opportunities and vitality to the optical module market. At the same time, they have also raised new demands and higher challenges for optical modules such as high speed, high performance, low power consumption, low cost, and intelligence. Strengthening technological innovation, guiding market agglomeration, and strengthening industrial base support are effective means of coping with those challenges. All parties in the industry and the upstream and downstream industrial chain need to form a joint force and promote coordinated progress. In terms of technological innovation, R&D and innovation of technologies such as new materials, new designs, new processes, new packaging, and new frequency bands are used to meet the new demands for optical modules in various application scenarios.

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